The Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants considers the use of lindane in agriculture as largely redundant, with other, less toxic and less persistent pesticides. [30][31]The US FDA continues to maintain that lindane medications have necessary health benefits that outweigh potential risks and should remain available for patients with head lice, scabies and pubic lice (crabs) who have few treatment alternatives. Where dimensions are not specified, all features shall be in approximate proportion to those shown. [7][11][12] [16] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Indeed, most of the adverse human health effects reported for lindane have related to agricultural uses and chronic, occupational exposure of seed treatment workers to agricultural-grade lindane. [1] The ecological impact of lindanes environmental persistence continues to be debated. The most common reports to the FDA were "drug ineffective," followed by convulsions, dermatitis and dizziness. Exposure to large amounts of lindane can negatively affect the nervous system, producing a range of symptoms from headache and dizziness to seizures, convulsions and more rarely death. [18] (see also Agricultural vs. Healthcare Applications) Inhalation risk The substance may have effects on the nervous system, bone marrow and liver. During this time, the vast majority of lindane usemore than 99%has been for agricultural purposes and much of the safety and environmental concerns have related to this application. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. Lindane (Persistant Organic Pollutant) in the EU, Best Practices of De-Contamination Exchanged. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain, for example in fish and seafood. 0000003168 00000 n Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. (b) Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, a bulk packaging that contains a marine pollutant must -, (1) Be marked with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark on at least two opposing sides or two ends other than the bottom if the packaging has a capacity of less than 3,785 L (1,000 gallons). (3) Transitional exception. WebLindane is considered to be highly toxic to aquatic organisms, and moderately toxic to birds and mammals. Six cases of congenital anomaly were also describedfive for infants "possibly" exposed to lindane in utero and one paternal exposurebut no characteristic pattern of effect was noted. 0000004014 00000 n Rinse mouth. Boiling point: 323C Melting point: 113C Density: 1.9 g/cmSolubility in water, g/100ml at 20C: 0.0007 (very poor)Vapour pressure, Pa at 20C: 0.0012 Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20C (air = 1): 1Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: 3.61 - 3.72. 0000001466 00000 n [7] These infectious diseases, two of which are sexually transmitted, affect tens of millions of Americans and hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. Read what you need to know about our industry portal chemeurope.com. Web4-methylbenzylidene camphor. Cough. Web( d) The MARINE POLLUTANT mark is not required ( 1) On single packagings or combination packagings where each single package or each inner packaging of combination packagings has: ( i) A net quantity of 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less for liquids; or ( ii) A net (c) A transport vehicle or freight container that contains a package subject to the marking requirements of paragraph (a) or (b) of this section must be marked with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark. The mark must be visible from the direction it faces. WebThis Lindane Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document replaces the earlier National Marine Fisheries Service No Observed Adverse Effect Level National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Population Adjusted Dose Pesticide Analytical Method Public Document Methods for measurement of sediment, surface water, and porewater toxicity in marine environments include the sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) fertilization and embryological development tests and copepod [18], Canadas Pest Management Regulatory Agency phased out of all agricultural uses of lindane between 2000 and 2005 due to concerns of chronic occupational exposure and risks to workers during seed treatment and planting. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development. [1] In the 1940s and 1950s lindane producers stockpiled these isomers in open heaps, which led to ground and water contamination. Risk of fire and explosion if formulations contain flammable/explosive solvents. Purpose Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (-, - and - (Lindane)) were recently included as new persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Stockholm Convention, and therefore, the legacy of HCH and Lindane production became a contemporary topic of global relevance. (ii) At least 250 mm (9.8 inches) for marks applied to all other bulk packages. It also notes that careful consideration should be given before prescribing lindane medications to patients with conditions that may increase the risk of seizure, such as HIV infection, history of head trauma or a prior seizure, CNS tumor, the presence of severe hepatic cirrhosis, excessive use of alcohol, abrupt withdrawal from alcohol or sedatives, as well as concomitant use of medications known to lower seizure threshold. ];pGvZo~z8i##N7M3|cruvx}qLY^*PqoWU-;yr$z:9~sro?6N9iC0Y 6)?S9xwQ(elU[3+s]q-{ xb```"cV @16$!Lvr p'wO'w6%nY38rg?&')(Iq^ YNH(Hinthr;.5. $>. WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER. [15] Central nervous system stimulation ranging from dizziness to seizures, has also been reported; however, serious effects, like seizures, have almost always resulted from oral ingestion or misuse of medication (e.g., repeated treatments or prolonged applications). The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. Symbol (fish and tree): Black on white or suitable contrasting background. xref Lindane, also known as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (-HCH) and benzene hexachloride (BHC), is an organochlorine insecticide that has been used in agriculture and in pharmaceutical products for the treatment of headlice and scabies. They are second line treatments, meaning they are prescribed only when first-line therapies have failed, cannot be tolerated or are otherwise contraindicated. Transportation Lindane has been used in the U.S. for more than 60 years, both in healthcare and in agriculture. Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance, chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus and protective gloves. For example, warfarin is used as a rodenticide to poison mice and rats (e.g., Kaput, D-Con) but is also formulated for medical use as an oral anticoagulant or "blood thinner" to treat patients with heart attacks, strokes and other clot-related disorders (e.g., Coumadin). (1) Lindane has been listed as a pollutant of concern to EPA'sGreat Waters Programdue to its persistence in the environment, potential to bioaccumulate, and toxicity to humans and the environment. (2) Assessing Personal Exposure Lindane can be measured in the blood, urine, and semen of exposed individuals by gas chromatography.(1) For these purposes, 105 fish were exposed to different concentrations of Lindane for 96 h in 5 groups with 3 replications. A marking in conformance with the requirements of this paragraph in effect on December 31, 2014, may continue to be used until December 31, 2016. Aurora is best viewed in areas without light pollution and no cloud cover. Depending on the degree of exposure, periodic medical examination is suggested. %PDF-1.6 % In 1987, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified lindane as a possible human carcinogen. [24] The Joint Committee on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) of The World Health Organization and Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations similarly concluded in 2004 that In the absence of genotoxicity and on the basis of the weight of the evidence from the studies of carcinogenicity, JMPR has concluded that lindane is not likely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans.[21], The production and use of lindane in agricultural (both of which have declined significantly in the last 20 years) are the primary causes of environmental contamination,[25] and levels of lindane in the environment have waned in the U.S. from 1986 through 2003, consistent with decreasing agricultural usage patterns. [4][6] It is banned in 52 countries and the state of California, and is under review for addition to the Stockholm Convention On Persistent Organic Pollutants. (e) MARINE POLLUTANT mark. [29] Modern manufacturing standards for lindane involve the treatment and conversion of waste isomers to less toxic industrial chemicals, a process known as cracking.[26][29] Today, only a few production plants remain active worldwide to accommodate public health uses of lindane and declining agricultural needs. This is the third severe geomagnetic storm (G4) since Solar Cycle 25 began in 2019. Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection. 0000003215 00000 n Medical observation is indicated. WebSurface waters near industrialized and agricultural areas are contaminated with hundreds of different pollutants from a variety of sources. "[14], The most common side effects associated with topical use of lindane medications are nonserious reactions of the skin, including burning, itching, dryness and rash. The company seeks damages and injunctive relief against all of the defendants. Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. trailer Find out how LUMITOS supports you with online marketing. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. In the 1940s, lindane was registered with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and in 1951 it was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medical use in the treatment of scabies, head lice and pubic lice (crabs). WebLINDANE ICSC: 0053 IMPORTANT DATA PHYSICAL STATE; APPEARANCE: ODOURLESS, WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER CHEMICAL DANGERS: On contact with hot surfaces or flames this substance decomposes forming toxic and corrosive fumes including phosgene and hydrogen chloride. [3] It is presently banned in more than 50 countries, and is being considered for inclusion in the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants, which would ban its production and use worldwide. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink, but NOT if convulsions occur. [15] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Lindane has not been shown to alter immunocompetence in humans and is not considered to be genotoxic. Access to page content (press "Enter") Lindane and Previous work showed that Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 degrades lindane and that, in the presence of the pesticide, This article is based in part on the public domain US government document at FDA.gov. This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including chlorine (see ICSC 0126), hydrogen chloride (see ICSC 0163) and phosgene (see ICSC 0007). [7] Worldwide, effective treatment options for the control of scabies and lice are relatively limited. A medication guide, written in plain English, was also developed and is now required by law to be dispensed with every lindane prescription dispensed in the U.S. to better educate patients and caregivers on safe application technique. In the U.S., lindane medications are exclusively manufactured and distributed by Morton Grove Pharmaceuticals, Inc. This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including hydrogen chloride and trichlorobenzenes (see ICSCs 0344, 1049 and 1222). 0000005726 00000 n (2) Be marked on each end and each side with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark if the packaging has a capacity of 3,785 L (1,000 gallons) or more. As noted by the U.S. District Court, the case pleads that [d]efendants swap agricultural and pharmaceutical research selectively quoting and/or misstating findings from studies relating to the agricultural use of lindane, and widely disseminate false, misleading, and defamatory statements about the safety profile and effectiveness of lindane.[34] On June 18, 2007, Judge Elaine Bucklo issued a written decision denying defendants motion to dismiss and further held that Morton Grove had properly pled a case suitable for trial on the following counts: defamation, false advertising under the Federal Lanham Act, trade disparagement and violation of the Illinois Uniform Deceptive Trade Practice Act. [27] Similar findings were noted by U.S. Geologic Survey teams in 1999 and 2000. 0000000016 00000 n Hepatic cytochrome P-450 oxygenase system. [26], Lindane is released into the environment during and after agricultural application through volatilization into the atmosphere (estimated at 12-30%), where it has long-range transport potential and can be deposited by rainfall. In humans, lindane primarily affects the nervous system, liver and kidneys, and may be a carcinogen and/or endocrine disruptor.[1][2]. [16] Only rarely have seizures and even more rarely fatal reactions been reported when lindane medications were used (presumably) according to directions.[7][11][12]. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Your browser does not support JavaScript. Convulsions. The symbol and border must be black on a white or suitable contrasting background. The authors concluded that "The California experience suggests elimination of pharmaceutical lindane produced environmental benefits, was associated with a reduction in reported unintentional exposures and did not adversely affect head lice and scabies treatment. This requirement may be met by the marking displayed on a freight container or portable tank loaded on a motor vehicle or rail car. Diarrhoea. The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion. FDA-approved for the second-line treatment of scabies, pubic lice (crabs) and head lice. Refer for medical attention . The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. [6] Nausea. [1] Adverse hematologic effects have also been reported with chronic occupational exposures and excessive dermal applications; however, a direct cause and effect has not been established. Code of Federal Regulations Title 49. Studies of the carcinogenic effects of lindane have been inconclusive and often limited by study design; however, no major carcinogenic effects have been noted in human trials to date. Lindane persists in the environment and bioaccumulates as an organochlorine pesticide and can pose risks to ecological environments and human [citation needed], The US EPA has determined that lindane does not contaminant drinking water in excess of the Agency's level of concern. WebIn the case of marine pollutants also meeting the criteria for inclusion in another hazard class, all provisions of this subchapter relevant to any additional hazards continue to [34], In response to Morton Grove's complaint, the Ecology Center defendants moved to dismiss the case based on an alleged lack of personal jurisdiction. WebThe MARINE POLLUTANT mark must conform to the following: (1) Except for size, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark must appear as follows: Symbol (fish and tree): Black on [7], Based on these findings, lindane lotion and lindane shampoo were limited to small unit-dose bottles in 2003 by the FDA to mitigate the risk of misuse and further enhance product safety. Camphor benzalkonium methosulfate. Routes of exposure 89 0 obj <>stream 0000003713 00000 n Lindane in soil can leach to surface and even ground water and can bioaccumulate in the food chain. The following ingredients are of concern in the marine environment and need more testing: Cinoxate. 0000001686 00000 n In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. WebLindane Can Be Toxic to Humans Lindane, also known as g-hexachlorocyclohexane (g-HCH), is commonly used in shampoos and other topical treatments for head lice and This may result in convulsions. (4) For domestic transportation, a packaging marked prior to January 1, 2017 and in conformance with the requirements of this paragraph in effect on December 31, 2014, may continue in service until the end of its useful life. Ethyl-4-aminobenzoate. WebTherefore, if: (1) p-Dodecylphenol is a synonym to Dodecylphenol; and (2) the concentration of Dodecylphenol in the solution is at least one percent by weight, then the answer would be yes and "Lubrizol 9222R" would appear to be a marine pollutant. [7], In the face of negative publicity concerning lindane pharmaceutical products, the U.S. manufacturer, Morton Grove Pharmaceuticals, filed a legal complaint on February 6, 2007 in the U.S. District Court in Chicago, Illinois against the National Pediculosis Association, the Ecology Center, Inc., and two physicians for statements made and disseminated to healthcare providers and consumers using the internet and through a series of printed literature . If the size of the package so requires, the dimensions/line thickness may be reduced, provided the marking remains clearly visible. [1] Alpha- and beta-HCH were used agriculturally in the U.S. in the form of technical-grade HCH until 1976 and are also produced as manufacturing by-products but are void of insecticidal properties and have little to no use. Transportation 49.172.101List of Marine Pollutants. Column 1 is labeled S.M.P. for Severe Marine Pollutants and Column 2 is [6] Most exposure of the general population to lindane results from agricultural uses and the intake of contaminated foods, such as produce, meats and milk. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 0000057076 00000 n (ii) 5 kg (11 pounds) or less net capacity for solids. It is also a recognised irritant. Effects of short-term exposure [23] However, more recent evaluations by subject matter experts do not support this rating. Lindane in soil can leach to surface and even ground water and can bioaccumulate in the food chain. WebInternational initiatives on Lindane include the Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants of the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution; the Rotterdam Convention; the OSPAR Commission for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Northeast Atlantic, the Great Refer immediately for medical attention. [16] The vast majority (85%) of these reports488 totalwere classified as nonserious, while serious events most often resulted from product misuse (80% of serious cases). The MARINE POLLUTANT mark must conform to the following: (1) Except for size, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark must appear as follows: (2) The marking must be in the form of a square-on-point. [11][12] Both medications contain only the gamma-HCH isomer, and are available as prescription-only medications. Vomiting. (B) Bulk packages with a capacity of less than 3,785 L (1,000 gallons); or. Chemical dangers Where two or more components that make a material a marine pollutant are present, the names of at least two of the components most predominantly contributing to the marine pollutant designation must appear in parentheses in association with the marked proper shipping name. The mark may be displayed in black lettering on a square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard; or. However, a significant amount of Lindane is also found in WebLindane is an organochlorine pesticide belonging to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that has been widely used to treat agricultural pests. In 2003, the FDA published a safety analysis of adverse events reported in association with the use of lindane medications received through its adverse event monitoring system (AERS database) between from 1974 through 2002.