Carbondale, IL: "Major damage was sustained only in new, prefabricated dwellings. After this activity, students should be able to: Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, Common Alerting Protocol Considerable damage to ordinary buildings, severe damage to poorly built structures. the United States is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale Depending on where you are, different recommendations exist: Stay there! ", 6. ", 11. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. List some famous earthquakes and their Richter Scale measurements. Engineers often invent scales or systems to use as measurement tools. Felt by almost everyone, some people awakened. Isoseismal maps of the ten earthquakes reported in Myanmar and neighboring areas during 1912-2006 AD. WebThe most widely used scale is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI scale). VII. Homepege, http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/general/handouts/mercalli.html. The magnitude (size) of an earthquake is based on Objects thrown into air. The European (MSK) scale of 12 grades is similar to the abridged version of the Mercalli. Rhodes, B.P., Perez, R., Lamjuan, A. and Kosuwan, S. (2004) Kinematics and tectonic implications of the Mae Kuang Fault, northern Thailand. The contents of this digital library curriculum were developed under a grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE), U.S. Department of Education, and National Science Foundation GK-12 grant no. Learn how the Richter scale measures magnitude and the Mercalli scale measures intensity of an earthquake. From Figure 2, it is revealed that the series of MMIPGA calibration vary in individual MMI range. Thipyopass, S. (2010) Paleoearthquake investigation along the ranong fault zone, southern Thailand. Tonga, Fiji, or another island country in the Pacific probably have the most earthquakes when it comes to earthquakes per area**. From a scientific standpoint, the magnitude scale is based on seismic records while the Mercalli is based on observable data which can be subjective. Boore, D.M., Joyner, W.B. ", 9. Besides the Sumatra-Andaman Subduction Zone in the western part, Myanmar also has own great strike-slip active faults called the Sagiang Fault Zone [2]. 790 E. Kirkwood Avenue Stay inside until the shaking stops. Do you agree with this alignment? Did You Feel It? ", 17. A variety of hazards result from natural processes (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions). Wald, D.J., Quintoriano, V., Heaton, T.H., Kanamori, H., Scrivner, C.W. Thanks for your feedback! Units serve as guides to a particular content or subject area. Apart from the fact the scale was intended to be for a specific area only, seismographs from that period weren't as sensitive as they are today they could measure only certain frequencies, meaning that low frequencies were lost, and large earthquakes were underestimated. Thanks also extend to T. Pailoplee for the preparation of the draft manuscript. Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences. In order not to be biased by this effect, the Modified Mercalli scale attempts to allow for varying effects on different types of construction. Understand the difference between the Richter Scale and the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes (a scale that uses instruments and a scale that uses human observation, respectively). Underground pipelines completely out of service. Felt indoors. Trees and poles may shake. Do you agree with this alignment? and Papazachos, B.C. xX\vEV^-dwO2V\0~lY0YjcP_GZs)Ehm^$YE_I WxuqU]`hN!pm\>(T[}`2_dSVt!D:,^NN`u! All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN), Isolated damage, Difficult to stand. The effects of earthquake waves at the surface can be measured using an intensity scale.This is an arbitrary scale based on observations of phenomena such as: The most common intensity scale used in Australia is the 12-point Modified Mercalli scale. Small objects are displaced or upset. These data are necessary for earthquake hazard assessments and mitigation efforts. The earthquake "size" which is the energy released is. (Grades Biloxi, MS: "No damage was reported from last night's slight tremor, though chandeliers in a few of the city's old mansions swayed slightly. Add categories to the /doc subpage. Parts 1 & 2before tackling this challenge! Engineering to Prevent Natural Disasters: Save Our City! Then drop, cover, and hold on, as objects may be thrown at you from the side. Earthquake Spectra, 15, 537-555. Here is a photograph of Giuseppe Mercalli, the inventor of ground. If you're interested in the latest earthquakes in your region or only the most recent earthquakes (as they are happening all the time! Liquids are disturbed, some spilled. (Ganse, Robert A., John B. Nelson, 1981). Steering of automobiles affected. Fall of stucco and some masonry walls. Felt by a few people, especially on the upper floors. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us WebStep 1 Type the name of the city and the state of the hypothetical earthquake, and then click "Center". Total damage. Pendulum clocks stop, start, change rate. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed Refer to the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale page on the US Geological Doors swing, open, close. U.S. Department of Commerce, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Project Keywords, National and Wenbin, S. (2010) Seismic hazard maps of Yangon and its surrounding areas. Since that time, the divisions in these scales have been associated with measurable accelerations of the local ground shaking. Freeman, San Francisco, 768. Earth, Planets and Space, 61, 1313-1325. Usually (but not always) the highest intensities are Serious damage to reservoirs. Fall of plaster, loose bricks, stones, tiles, cornices. Log In or Register. catalogs, post-event reconnaissance reports, journal articles, newspapers, internet {0,W7au]n{~y _aXV,k2m!J}UMv}xG?o?zW2Qeu,3Q~1trX&EYNLf5{}2C]|*+]n|=rxStH\Y#e\nX|_H^5E]4[:+fWxPBJLnty@6v 'ygb ~6\[K.|%TZl!DRE)Dgu[6*>(O[y=Tr1 These range from imperceptible shaking to catastrophic Felt by almost everyone, wakes many. Masks are expected for indoor activities. Damage to weak masonry. However, it is recognized that there is a significant level of uncertainty in estimating ground motions (i.e., PGA) from the existing isoseismal maps by this process. What does it measure? Felt by everyone. The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale provides scientists with a method to quantify the shaking generated by an earthquake, as experienced at any point at the earths surface. Maximum intensity normally occurs near the earthquake epicentre, with intensity values then decreasing with distance. Pendulum clocks may stop). To sum up, in the moment magnitude scale, the strength of the earthquake is tied up with the seismic moment, which depends on three physical parameters rigidity, area, and slip. The most important thing to remember is the fact that in the Richter scale, wave amplitudes are taken into account. Felt by many indoors, few outdoors. WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. Review the purpose of the Mercalli Scale with the students, as described in the Introduction/Motivation section. the USGA can use the Mercalli Scale of Intensity to map out ground For questions about the information on this page, please email: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, Kansas City, MO: "All of the dishes in Thelma's Cafe rattled noisily, but none crashed off the shelves. The Mercalli Scale was used earlier than the Richter Scale. General panic. Landslides. Noticeable indoors, especially on upper floors, but may not be recognized as an earthquake. Photographs will be taken throughout the day. ", 23. WebFirst, measure the scale on the map in Figure 13.13 in centimeters, and use that to convert your distances in kilometers to centimeters (ex. References, Play with the tool to contemplate and admire Mother Earth's natural strength, or scroll down to read about the most powerful earthquakes the world has ever seen. Numerous intensity scales have been developed over Has anyone ever heard of the Mercalli scale? endobj If you prefer, click on the map for desired Little Rock, AR: "Residents of the Holiday Inn noted that the water sloshed out of the swimming pool during the quake. The Significant Earthquake database originated from the Significant Earthquake Catalog Ground badly cracked. Chicago, IL: "Many residents of the Windy City reported a strong tremor last night; some sleepers were awakened by what they described as 'a loud, crashing sound. Underground pipes broken. Bender, F. (1983) Geology of Burma. However, these contents do not necessarily represent the policies of the Department of Education or National Science Foundation, and you should not assume endorsement by the federal government. Some walls may fall. Ground cracked noticeably. destruction, designated by Roman numerals. may shake. Wholesale destruction. endobj Black stars are the locations of past earthquakes whereas the ground shaking intensities are illustrated in terms of gradual color of the MMI scale. May not be recognized as an earthquake. 36 Questions from Britannicas Most Popular Science Quizzes. Nowadays, the moment magnitude scale is the most commonly used system. the Mercalli Scale (From Walker, 1982). To protect people from the force of earthquakes, they continually improve the methods used to predict and rate (or score) earthquakes. It can be labeled the "Mercalli Scale." For example: "Rio de Janeiro, RJ". 110 The Mercalli Scale Calling Station KWAT. A 12-point abridged form of the modified Mercalli scale is provided below. To this end, based on the published probabilistic seismic hazard map of the Yangon area, central Myanmar ([13], the maps were evaluated by using the strong ground-motion attenuation relationship of Boore et al. This is a complete binder of activities for Grades K-6. Detailed Description. Many old wooden buildings have collapsed into the street, and virtually all of the brick buildings are destroyed. Google This implies that the standard of building construction in Myanmar, in terms of withstanding earthquake hazards, is not high enough such that low ground motions contribute to a high degree of structure damage, particularly at higher levels of ground shaking. Brown, J.C. and Leicester, P. (1933) The Pyu earthquake of 3rd and 4th December, 1930 and subsequent Burma earthquakes up to January 1932. Also, our tool is a safe bet if you want to compare different earthquakes and want to know how much stronger one earthquake is compared to another. Most masonry and frame structures destroyed with their foundations. [14], as shown in Equation (1). http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/general/handouts/mercalli.html, Did You Feel It? ", 2. On 8th August 1929, an earthquake with a Mw of 7.0 was generated in Pegu, central Myanmar. <> Other intensity scales are used in some countries. Subpages of this template. [4]. A good website to visit is: https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/ngdc.html. WebModified Mercalli Intensity Scale CREDIT: Northern Illinois University Earthquake magnitude measures the strength of an earthquake, or the amount of energy that is released. Slight to moderate damage in well built, ordinary structures. Furniture broken. Thelowernumbers of the intensity scale generally deal with the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. ", 22. Difficult to stand. The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is referred Some walls may fall. Giant Wave Characteristics and Causes, Survive That Tsunami! III: Noticeable indoors, especially on upper Geo-Spatial Information Science, 13, 230-234. Counts toward Master of Disaster badge. 1 0 obj Using one arm, cover your head and neck. Kawasumi, H. (1951) Measures of earthquake danger and expectancy of maximum intensity throughout Japan as inferred from the seismic activity in historical times. 4 0 obj In final, the MMI-PGA relationship is contributed using the linear regression. With this earthquake calculator, you can estimate the energy release of an earthquake. Intensity scales date from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, before seismographs capable of accurate measurement of ground motion were developed. at least one of the following criteria: caused deaths, caused moderate damage (approximately In this study, the previously reported isoseismal maps are compiled and used to carefully investigate the macroseismic intensity in terms of the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale, based on the engineering ground-motion parameter, as the peak ground acceleration (PGA), inferred from the ground-motion attenuation characteristic of Myanmar. =\YUgeFY#r\Qsa7`og:_:U7h|3o bR9c[O?qCvm(3yoQ^JJ[6t^C5b&jk$ox*o u&l[j}psjs.vBt/T@U_t/GONY|LP +:i.&TpN;0gM[URRY" What Should I Do Before, During, and After an Earthquake? Unstable objects overturned. Thehighernumbers of the scale are based on observed structural damage. Some walls collapse. The Mercalli Scale was used earlier than the Richter Scale. Global Significant Earthquake Database. If the earthquake was associated with a tsunami or volcanic eruption, it is flagged Considerable damage to specially built structures, buildings shifted off foundations. A modified Mercalli intensity scale is used to quantify the earthquake's effects. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K [access date], Earth Science > Solid Earth > Seismology > Earthquake Occurrences, INFOTERRA > Disasters > Catastrophic phenomena > Earthquakes, INFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Seismic activity > Seismic activity, INFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Seismic monitoring > Seismic monitoring, INFOTERRA > Disasters > Catastrophic phenomena > Tsunami, DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, Are there any suggestions for improvement? (1992) Dependence of strong ground motion on magnitude-distance, site geology and macroseismic intensity for shallow earthquakes in Greece: I, peak horizontal acceleration, velocity and displacement. Some well-built wooden structures and bridges destroyed. Do you know that the shockwave originated from the detonation of the Tsar Bomba circled the world three times, touching at the antipodal point of the explosion and "bouncing" back? Description of Source: The Significant Earthquake database originated from the Significant Earthquake Catalog it is valuable in, evaluating ground shaking in modern quakes. How much bigger was it? Rating earthquakes helps engineers determine which ones are going to cause the most damage so they can warn people in advance. Evansville, IN: "The smokestack of the Sterling Brewery collapsed in downtown Evansville. WebThe Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM or MMI), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli 's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192. If you want to know which country has the most earthquakes, it depends on what you really mean: Indonesia lies in a very active seismic region and is a relatively big country, so it probably has the most earthquakes in total. 5), Analyze and interpret data identifying ways Earth's surface is constantly changing through a variety of processes and forces such as plate tectonics, erosion, deposition, solar influences, climate, and human activity Alternative scales have been developed in both Japan and Europe for local conditions. Difficult to stand. The most probable position of the epicentre is often assumed to be at a point inside the area of highest intensity. With improved engineering technology to predict the size and force of earthquakes, cities and communities have more time to prepare themselves from harm. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM, MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. Note: The contour lines should not go through the intensity points, but should go between intensity pointsi.e., separate areas of one intensity from another. ", 20. Trifunac, M.D. scale composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity based on observed Macroseismic intensity, the descriptive reporting format of earthquake ground shaking, is useful to provide information about the response of structures, quality and type of construction, including the variation of geological conditions in specific areas. WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale provides scientists with a method to quantify the shaking generated by an earthquake, as experienced at any point at the earths surface. ", 8. The magnitude does not depend on where the measurement is made. Learn how to calculate the duty cycle of a periodic system with Omni's duty cycle calculator: insert what you know, and we'll do the math! A Modified Mercalli Intensity of six is abbreviated as MMI 6. You may be wondering how "big" is that? and Damage. [14]. (Write the words on the board for them to copy.) The class could even draw one level of the scale at a time together. Kaka, S. and Atkinson, G. (2004) Relationships between instrumental intensity and ground motion parameters in eastern North America. Noticed by drivers of automobiles. Branches broken from trees, General panic. We find out that a magnitude of 7.1 is 20 times bigger (on a seismogram, in terms of amplitudes) and ~89 times stronger (in terms of energy release) than a 5.8 magnitude. Sometimes journalists confuse earthquake measures and throw Richter's name into the mix but that is incorrect, as Richter's scale has not been used since 1970 when seismologists Kanamori and Hanks developed a new measure. Indicate the intensity values on the map. Lead a brief discussion around the topic of the Mercalli Scale, as described above. where Y is the PGA which is in g unit (1 g = 981 cm/s2), M is the moment magnitude (Mw), R is the source-to-site distance (km), for randomly-oriented horizontal component (or geometrical mean) b1 = 0.105, b2 = 0.229, b3 = 0, b4 = 0, b5 = 0.778, b6 = 0.162, b7 = 0.251, GB = 1, and GC = 0. In this study, all macroseismic intensity data are taken from previous publications of isoseismal maps ranked with respect to the MMI scale. A fun and May feel like heavy truck passing by. ", 3. The Modified Mercalli Intensity value assigned to a specific site after an earthquake has a more meaningful measure of severity to the nonscientist than the magnitude because intensity refers to the effects actually experienced at that place. Check out the antipode calculator to learn more! political geography, and additional comments are also provided for each earthquake. For further information visit http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/shake/. Testing Model Villages in Big Waves, Seismic Waves: How Earthquakes Move Through the Earth. Frame houses moved on foundations if not bolted down; loose panel walls thrown out. The database is now updated regularly from sources such as U.S. Natural Science Vol.4No.8A(2012), Article ID:21664,7 pages DOI:10.4236/ns.2012.428082, Relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and peak ground acceleration in Myanmar, Earthquake and Tectonic Geology Research Unit (EATGRU), Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Pailoplee.S@gmail.com, Received 27 June 2012; revised 25 July 2012; accepted 11 August 2012, Keywords: Isoseismal Map; Modified Mercalli Intensity; Peak Ground Acceleration; Myanmar. Several scales of measurement have been developed. Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, 653. The magnitudes required in equation (1) and the earthquake locations for measuring the source-to-site-distances are those cited in previous reports and are detailed in Table 1. Furthermore, earthquake intensity, or strength, is distinct from earthquake magnitude, which is a measure of the amplitude, or size, of seismic waves as specified by a seismograph reading. Free K-12 standards-aligned STEM curriculum for educators everywhere. Brainstorm with the students how they might illustrate one of the pages. Other intensity scales are used in some countries. Bridges destroyed. Also, it's essential to make sure that you know what to do during an earthquake before you're caught in one. I. Global Significant Earthquake Database. ", 13. Damage nearly total. Bloomington, IN 47405-7101 On this scale, intensities up to 5 are felt but cause no damage, while intensities from 6 to 12 cause increasing amounts of damage. Modified Mercalli scale of earthquake intensity, Observation and interpretation of precursory phenomena, Exploration of the Earths interior with seismic waves, 6 of the Worlds Deadliest Natural Disasters. Landslides. Richter, C.F. (Grade Objects thrown into the air. (Ganse, Robert A., John B. Nelson, 1981). WebFrom the result of this regression ( Figure 2 ), it appears that there is a slight trend of MMI to be a linear function in relationship to the, which can represented by Equation (2) with a standard deviation of 0.33. An earthquake has one magnitude. II. To calculate the amount of released energy from an earthquake, we've implemented Gutenberg and Richter's equation in this earthquake calculator: The most powerful earthquake ever recorded happened in Chile in 1960. Also, by typing "1" into any field in the "Energy release equivalent" section, you can check what's the equivalent magnitude for a chosen energy release event for example, one Nagasaki bomb released the energy of a 6.1 magnitude earthquake! To calculate the moment magnitude, seismologists need to know the seismic moment, M0M_0M0: The seismic moment is found by multiplication of three physical parameters rigidity, area, and slip: \mu Shear modulus of the rocks (dyne/cm2), which is the rock's resistance to bending (rock rigidity). II: Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors. Can they think of examples where something has a rating or a level? Check what you could have accomplished if you get out of your social media bubble. Tell students to label and illustrate the cover. AAA Area of the fault rupture (cm2), which is the estimated area over which the earthquake has occurred. Significant damage was reported to tracks at the new railroad yard. Rails bent greatly. Get to an open space if possible. Total damage. The first of these, the Mandalay earthquake, was generated at the central part of the Sagiang Fault Zone and the second, the Tounggyi earthquake, occurred in the Moei-Tounggyi Fault Zone [4,5] eastwards of Myanmar. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 453-472. Does the booklet make sense? Bloomington, IN: "Most of Bloomington's population ran into the streets during the height of the shaking. Students can research famous earthquakes on the Internet and discover the Mercalli Scale level for each one. Indiana University WebThe most commonly used earthquake intensity scale is the Modified Mercalli earthquake intensity scale. If you're listening to the news about an earthquake, the measure that will be given is the magnitude the moment magnitude to be exact. Figure 3. Htwe, Y.M.M. Intensity ratings are expressed as Roman numerals between I at the low end and XII at the high end. - 1979, Including Quantitative Casualties The Seismology Research Centre is a division of, Rarely felt, usually only on top floors of high buildings, Windows, dishes, doors rattle. pages, email and other written documents. Felt by nearly everyone. Therefore, further work is required to check these PGA values carefully for consistency with those of the instrumentally recorded data. Slight structural damage. Part three of our introduction to seismology series is an exercise about the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale which is used by seismologists to determine the magnitude and epicenter of earthquakes of the past. Jackson, MS: "Broken plaster was noted in the entry to the old City Hall building. As the same time, on the 4th December 1930, an earthquake with a Mw of 7.3 was also recorded at Toungoo, central Myanmar, with ground shaking intensities in the range of VIIIX. V. Felt outdoors; direction may be estimated. Based on data from the northeastern United States, seismologists have estimated the following relation between earthquake magnitude (M) and epicentral intensity (Ie): M = 0.62 Ie + 0. Note that the scale is based on vibration experienced at a particular site. Global Significant Earthquake Database. Cairo, IL: "Most of the buildings in town suffered significant damage; several of the single-family homes were damaged when they slid off their foundations. We can use scales, rubrics, points, letter and numbers to show the level of something. Students learn about the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes.copyrightCopyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. Although in the Northern Hemisphere, antipode usually refers to Australia or New Zealand. Branches broken from trees. The most familiar of these is the Richter scale - related Charles Richter developed the logarithmic scale in 1935 to compare local earthquakes the ones in southern California with an epicenter of up to 370 miles (600 km) from the seismograph. of a file originally created to produce the World Map of Significant Earthquakes 1900 Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok. Please understand that by attending and participating you are granting IU permission to use your image in photographs and videos to promote Science Fest and other outreach activities in the future. Today, we are going to look at the Mercalli Scale's damage rating and create a booklet to help inform citizens of potential danger. Trees shake. Don't stop under bridges, overpasses, trees, or power lines. Some walls collapse. Like passing train, Books off shelves. Medvedev, S.V. ( edit | history) Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox ( edit | diff) and testcases ( edit) pages. The released energy is 31622776601684 J, and the equivalent of such energy is: 0.0000028 of the most massive earthquake recorded, Chile '60 . How Can I Locate the Earthquake Epicenter? above, whereas two earthquakes were located in the southern and northern parts of Thailand. WebA 12-point abridged form of the modified Mercalli scale is provided below. of the MMI scale (i.e., felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Catalog of Significant Earthquakes 2000 B.C. % The last isoseismal map in Myanmar gathered in this study is from the Mawlaik earthquake on 21st March 1954, western Myanmar, which had a magnitude of an assumed 7.0 Richter and generated a ground shaking of VII-VIII on the MMI scale. Intensity. Felt by many indoors, few outdoors. In the article below, you'll learn about the different measures of an earthquake: from the famous Richter scale to the currently used moment magnitude scale and Mercalli scale, which is an intensity scale describing the effects of the phenomenon. For instance, for a particular amount of shaking, unreinforced masonry (brick) buildings will experience much greater damage than wood-frame buildings in the same area. Many poor buildings damaged, Significant damage.