8 AP Human Notes Political geography - the study of power Cooperation & conflict are the jet fuel of power Political space - a balance of cooperation (holding a state together) & conflict (internal diversity like independence movements may place strains on the state) States have REGIONS (administrative regions), sub-state regions (provinces, etc.) They do not create or further the extent of an EEZ. According to Spykman, the "rimland," which includes the coastal regions of Europe, Asia, and Africa, is the key to global dominance because it is the most economically and politically advanced region in the world. The EEZ is the most misunderstood of all the maritime zones by policymakers in States around the world. - Definition & Meaning, Political Power & Territoriality: Definition & Example, International & Internal Boundaries: Definition & Function, Devolution, Supranationalism & Democratization, Political Science 102: American Government, NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Test Prep & Practice, Sociology 103: Foundations of Gerontology, Praxis Biology: Content Knowledge (5235) Prep, CAHSEE English Exam: Test Prep & Study Guide, Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators: Reading (5713) Prep, Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators - Writing (5723): Study Guide & Practice, FTCE General Knowledge Test (GK) (082) Prep, Praxis Chemistry: Content Knowledge (5245) Prep, Praxis Social Studies: Content Knowledge (5081) Prep, Chemical Safety: Preparation, Use, Storage, and Disposal, What is an Autoclave? Political Entity Types & Examples | What is a Political Entity? serves as a buffer between two much larger states, stretches a long way in one direction, but a comparably short way in the other direction, is completely surrounded by another state. June 01, 2013. Governments and other political actors often seek to expand their territory in order to increase their power and influence. The high seas are considered to be a global commons, and are governed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). territorial sea synonyms, territorial sea pronunciation, territorial sea translation, English dictionary definition of territorial sea. The world needed more informed and defined laws that would articulate the needs of different countries' claims on the ocean. The LOSC states that the Area is considered the common heritage of all mankind12 and is beyond any national jurisdiction. Boundary disputes have been a source of conflict and tension in many parts of the world and have contributed to the outbreak of wars and other violent conflicts. A country that is completely surrounded by the territory of other countries and has no access to the sea is said to be __________. Article 1 of the 1933 Montevideo Convention states that a state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: a) a permanent population; b) a defined territory; c) a government; and d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states.Article 11 of the Montevideo Convention further provides that states are not to recognize territorial acquisitions that have been obtained by force. To demarcate the proverbial rules of the road, the LOSC permits coastal States to establish several different maritime zones. Any sea between the coast and the straight baseline is considered internal waters rather than territorial waters. As already discussed, rocks and low-tide elevations create much smaller zones of control than islands. According to the theory, the heartland is the key to global dominance because it is the most defensible and self-sufficient region in the world. As technology progressed after the 19th century, nations realized that they not only had to protect their local fish stocks but other resources, such as offshore oil fields. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is code of maritime law approved by the United Nations in 1982 that authorized territorial waters to extend 12 nautical miles from shore and a country's EEZ (exclusive economic zone) to extend 200 nautical miles. Territoriality is the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. While Grotius was able to win the argument in a court of law, saying that those waters were international and that the British should return the goods, the English did not concede as they were much more powerful during that time. Which of these is an example of a prorupted state? succeed. A state whose economy functions almost completely independently of imports and exports. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Mackinder argued that the heartland, which includes areas such as Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, is the pivot point of world politics because it is the largest contiguous landmass on earth and contains the majority of the world's population and resources. Rising sea levels could effectively downgrade the status of some islands to that of rocks or low-tide elevations that would deny their owners an EEZ. Irredentist movements have been a source of conflict and tension in many parts of the world, as they often involve claims to territory that is already inhabited by other people. Just as you wouldn't want your backyard looted and polluted, neither did coastal countries around the world. It does not give a coastal State the right to prohibit or limit freedom of navigation or overflight, subject to very limited exceptions. All rights reserved. The ocean surface and the water column beyond the EEZ are referred to as the high seas in the LOSC. The prime and most recent example of this is China's recent claims to far greater territories in the South China Sea than what is allowed for by the Law of the Sea. There are two methods to determine the extent of a continental margin under the LOSC. An autonomous region is a region that has a high degree of self-governance and is able to make decisions on matters of local concern without interference from the central government. A dispute is a disagreement or difference of opinion between two or more parties. Jurisdiction as provided for in international law with regard to the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations, and structures; marine scientific research; and the protection and preservation of the marine environment. Much like internal waters, coastal States have sovereignty and jurisdiction over the territorial sea. She has a bachelor of science degree in environmental management from Columbia Southern University and a master of science degree in coastal and marine environments from the University of Ireland, Galway. http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/nauticalmile_knot.html. A boundary between two states that is created in an area that is currently not populated is called a(n) ___________. Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies. 12 nautical mile (13.8 mile) of territorial water. Download image (jpg, 146 KB). To maintain such projects without national control, LOSC created the International Seabed Authority, referred to as the Authority in the LOSC document. Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with: Territorial sea. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/territorial%20sea. These rights extend not only on the surface but also to the seabed and subsoil, as well as vertically to airspace. Territorial seas synonyms, Territorial seas pronunciation, Territorial seas translation, English dictionary definition of Territorial seas. Ap Human Geography: Political Geography Vocabulary Answers - Flashcards Get access to high-quality and unique 50 000 college essay examples and more than 100 000 flashcards and test answers from around the world! This presents a unique set of problems to the government and administration of fragmented states because there are physical barriers that prevent ease of transportation and limit the control that can be wielded by the centralized government. Chain Migration Overview & Examples | What is Chain Migration? A prorupted state is a state that has a primary body of territory that comprises most of the state, but that also has a long extension that can dramatically increase the territorial power and significance of the country. Admiralty Law is in effect "High Seas" or international waters: 0. As an international body, the Authority also includes an Assembly of representatives from each nation which functions like a large Board of Directors. At the same time, the control of territory can be used as a means of exercising political power, as the ability to regulate and control the use of a particular piece of land or water can give a group or individual a great deal of influence over those who depend on it. Up until the mid-20th century, the basis for international laws of the sea was a book called The Freedom of the Seas, written by Dutch philosopher and juror Hugo Grotius. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. The EEZ is a maritime zone established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that extends 200 nautical miles (370 kilometers) from the baseline of a coastal state. The part of the ocean adjacent to the coast of a state that is considered to be part of the territory of that state and subject to its sovereignty. It identified which resources and how much each country was entitled to and the laws necessary to conserve the ocean's integrity. 4 hours ago. It was eventually discarded because of issues with increased pollution and the plundering of natural resources. Its easy to draw lines on a map and mark territory, but these lines are oftentimes not as well defined in real life. | Contempt of Court Punishment & Examples. Here are some bullet points that summarize key elements of the Heartland Theory: Nicholas Spykman (1893-1943) was an American diplomat and strategic thinker who is best known for his contributions to the development of the discipline of geopolitics and for his theory of the "Rimland," which proposes that the control of the coastal regions surrounding the "heartland" (the interior of the Eurasian landmass) is the key to global dominance. They are also an important source of food, minerals, and other resources, and are home to a diverse array of marine life. In the case of islands situated on atolls or of islands having fringing reefs, the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the seaward low-water line of the reef.20. It was an influential theory that sought to explain the relationship between a nation's population, territory, and power. It can be helpful to think of the prefixes "ex-" and "en-" when considering the meaning of exclave and enclave. The prefix "ex-" means, Spanish Courses & Classes in Dallas Fort Worth. *DIAGRAM!! Most African & Asian colonies became independent after WWII. 43 according to the U.S. State Department. It contains a vast array of natural resources, such as seafood, critical minerals, medicines, and areas of significant ecological and conservation value. It extended territorial sovereignty of each coastal nation up to 12 miles from shore and allowed each coastal nation a 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone that grants each nation special privileges with respect to resources, research, and some jurisdiction. Terms for Creating and Maintaining Sites, Chapter 1: International Law, Adoption of the Law of the Sea Convention, Chapter 6: Maritime Security, Convention on the Law of the Sea, Chapter 9: LOSC Dispute Resolution Provisions, Chapter Ten: The South China Sea Tribunal. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The United States government occupies the South Pacific island. Ratzel's theory was influential in shaping the foreign policies of various countries and was used to justify imperialism and territorial expansion by European powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Territoriality, on the other hand, refers to the control or ownership of a defined area of land or water. States may also establish a contiguous zone from the outer edge of the territorial seas to a maximum of 24 nautical miles from the baseline. The rest of the world's oceans could not be laid claim to by any nation and thus most of the world's maritime resources were essentially open to all. The theory emphasizes the importance of "Lebensraum," or "living space," which refers to the amount of territory a nation needs to support its population and ensure its long-term survival. According to Ratzel, a nation's territory is like an organism that must grow and expand in order to survive and thrive. Political power and territoriality can also be closely related in the sense that the control of territory can be used as a way of asserting or defending political power. Most nations did not recognize the claim because, under the LOSC, the baseline did not conform to the shape of the coast. The. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a . China has tried to claim uninhabited islands, some human-made islands, to expand their ocean claim, hoping their exclusive economic zone would be larger by having more land. What is Contempt of Court? Since the ratification of the LOSC, there has been limited activity in relation to these provisions.13. This issue is discussed in more detail in Chapter Ten: The South China Sea Tribunal. A state that is completely surrounded by another state. This international body, headquartered in Jamaica, is responsible for administering these resource projects through a business unit called the Enterprise. Delivered to your inbox! 2. Phillip J. Turner, in Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences (Third Edition), 2019. . Asian & African UN members increased from 1945 = 15 to 2010 = 106. The opposite of an elongated state is a compact state. Centripetal & Centrifugal Forces in Geopolitics, Prorupted State, Elongated State & Fragmented State | Concepts, Examples & Shapes. According to Mackinder, the "heartland," which includes areas such as Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central Asia, is the pivot point of world politics because it is the largest contiguous landmass on earth and contains the majority of the world's population and resources. A perforated state is a state that completely surrounds another state. Islands are naturally formed land areas surrounded by water on all sides. The Rimland Theory is a geopolitical theory developed by American diplomat and strategist Nicholas Spykman in the mid-20th century. As the only federal program dedicated to exploring our deep ocean, the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research plays a key role in this work. He later worked as a teacher, researcher, and politician, and he became one of the leading figures in the field of geography in the UK during the early 20th century. Provide either an example or an explanation is the chart below. AP Human Geography Workshop Devolutionary Forces Scott Dobler, WKU Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities, 12th Edition ISBN: 978--07-802146-6 Chapter 12: The Political Ordering of Space Chapter LayoutConcepts and Key Terms Introduction: Political Geography GeoPolitics National Political System . When a line of latitude or longitude is used to delineate the political barrier between two states we call that boundary a geometric boundary. One famous example of a geometric boundary is the 49th parallel between the United States of America and Canada. In general, a State has more rights in zones near to its coastline than it does further into the ocean. If a second state occupies that territory peacefully and publicly over a long period of time, it may be said to have acquired the territory.Accretion is when a state's territory increases by natural processes, such as deposits from rivers or volcanic eruptions.Cession is when one nation voluntarily gives up territory to another, typically via a treaty or sale. According to Ratzel, a nation's territory is like an organism that must grow and expand in order to survive and thrive, and he argued that nations must continuously seek to expand their territory in order to secure the resources and living space they need to prosper. This map shows the boundaries of the U.S. EEZ, outlined in yellow, as well as deep and shallow water areas of the U.S. EEZ that have not been mapped as of January 2020. Political power and territoriality are closely related concepts in the study of geopolitics. He studied political science and economics at Yale University and later worked as a professor and researcher. Geography of Denmark. In some cases, boundary disputes may be resolved through negotiation, mediation, or arbitration, while in other cases, they may escalate into military conflict or other forms of violence. These disputes may involve issues such as the rights to use or access certain land, the rights to natural resources, or the rights to build on or develop certain property. | 12 The LOSC specifically defines the various maritime zones and features. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. So-called historic bays, such as the Chesapeake Bay, are exempt from this provision. In International Law the term territorial waters refers to that part of the ocean immediately adjacent to the shores of a state and subject to its territorial jurisdiction. The Heartland Theory has been criticized for its deterministic and Eurocentric approach, which fails to account for the complexity and diversity of world politics. It opened for signature on December 10th, 1982 and was put into force on November 16th, 1994. This was a doctrine that took effect in the 17th century and customarily limited each coastal nation's claims to three miles of territorial water off of their coast. One classic example of an exclave is Alaska because it is not part of the contiguous continental United States. QUIZ NEW SUPER DRAFT. Rocks provide their owners with less control than islands, providing only a territorial sea and a contiguous zone. Despite the importance of these resources to the health and security of our nation, only about 40 percent of the U.S. EEZ has been mapped, and significantly less has been fully characterized, meaning that these resources remain poorly understood and undefined. The United Nations created the law of the sea to avoid conflict over the ocean by establishing laws that cover traditions and treaties. Maritime zones are drawn using what the LOSC calls baselines. Unlike inland waters, coastal waters rise and fall in tides. Most populous is Puerto Rico,owned by the US. GENERAL PROVISIONS 23 Article 2. Source: Transport Geography Due to the vulnerability of the surrounded state, it is often vital for that state to maintain good relations with the perforated state that surrounds them. Which of these is an example of an exclave? The coastal state controls the access by foreign nations into their territorial sea area. Irredentism is distinct from expansionism, which is a policy or ideology of territorial expansion, and from imperialism, which is the policy or practice of extending a country's power and influence over other countries or territories. Legal status of the territorial . Other rights and duties provided for under international law. Here are some bullet points that summarize key elements of the Rimland Theory: The Rimland Theory suggests that the control of the rimland is crucial to the exercise of global power and influence. To save this word, you'll need to log in. This caused nations like the U.S., Argentina, and others to lay claim to far greater territories of water off of their coastline and challenge the Freedom of the Seas doctrine by doing so. What is the EEZ? AP Human Geography Unit 4. Although the LOSC does not impose any limitations on fishing in the high seas, it encourages regional cooperation to conserve those resources and ensure their sustainability for future generations. According to the Heartland Theory, a government that controls Central Eurasia (much of Russia, some of Eastern Europe, and the Middle East) is likely to eventually dominate much of the world. The Philippines and Malaysia both claim the islands lie within their territorial seas up to 12 nautical miles from their coasts. Internal boundaries can be found in a variety of contexts, including geographic regions, political divisions, and organizational structures. The Spratly Islands have been claimed, fought over, and continue to be disputed by numerous countries, such as the Philippines, Taiwan, China, Malaysia, and Vietnam. The practical effect of straight baselines is that they push a States maritime borders outward. (Units 1-7 Summarized) Mr. Sinn 393K views 1 year ago 13 AP Human Geography Unit 4 Review Mr. Sinn Political Boundary Disputes & The Law. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Treaty Overview, Examples & Laws | What is a Treaty? Medford, MA 02155 USA Privacy | In human societies, territoriality is often tied to ideas of ownership, sovereignty, and jurisdiction, and it is often used as a means of establishing and maintaining power and control. 397 [hereinafter LOSC]. Despite its criticisms, Spykman's work remains an important part of the study of geopolitics and has had a lasting impact on the field of geography. Many wars have been started by landlocked countries seeking to carve a path to the ocean through another country's territory. Article 56 also allows States to establish and use artificial islands, installations and structures, conduct marine scientific research, and protect and preserve the marine environment through Marine Protected Areas.5 Article 58 declares that Articles 88 to 115 of the Convention relating to high seas rights apply to the EEZ in so far as they are not incompatible with this Part [V].6. This seaward extension is geologically formed as the seabed slopes away from the coast, typically consisting of a gradual slope (the continental shelf proper), followed by a steep slope (the continental slope), and then a more gradual slope leading to the deep seabed floor. Alaska is an example of an exclave because it is a region of the United States that is completely separate from the main body of the United States.