Distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes, Effects of earthquakes and volcanoes on people and the environment, Reducing the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes, Population and settlement iGCSE Geography, The main causes of a change in population size, A country with a rate of high population growth China, A country which is over-populated Bangladesh, A country which is under-populated Australia, A country with a low rate of population growth or decline Japan. Well-developed jointing and bedding can create steep, angular cliff faces with flat tops. Wave action and weathering create a notch at the high water mark. Boulder clay is structurally weak, and has little resistance to erosion. 2 Q Cliff profiles are influenced by geology. In igneous rocks, cooling joints form when magma contracts as it looses heat. What are the causes of deforestation in the Amazon? With the beach gone, a storm during a high tide breached the coastal defences and destroyed the village., In this arrangement, differential erosion will take place where weaknesses from weathering have formed., Site design and development by Alex Jackson. What factors influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? Erosional features such as wave-cut platforms and cliffs can be found on headlands, since they are more open to the waves. _}qK>_*uz/]jO+NAU}r Faults: Either side of a fault line, rocks are often heavily fractured and broken and these weaknesses are exploited by marine erosion. To create a beach profile follow a straight transect line from the edge of the sea to the end of the active beach. What is Nigerias location and importance? How has the growth of Lagos caused inequality? A cliff is a vertical, near vertical or sloping wall of rock or sediment that borders the sea. If the bedding planes are flat (A), then the cliff shape will be consistent with a high cliff face. Solution: Weak acids present in ocean water can dissolve certain types of rock, such as chalk or limestone. produce cliff profiles and micro features such as caves and arches. 1 Vegetation can protect the cliff face but its roots can also grow into cracks and widen them. As soft rock, such as glacial till, is more susceptible to erosion it erodes more rapidly than more resistant rock such as chalk. Often produce headlands and bays. The platform typically has a slope of less than 4 degrees, which is often only fully exposed at low tide. Mudflows. Rotational slump is a type of mass movement that occurs in coastal environments. Where are the areas of water deficit and surplus in the UK? How have animals adapted to cold environments? Influence on the Natural Greenhouse Effect. The location of faults and strata with particularly high densities of joints and fissures, Either side of a fault line, rocks are often heavily fractured and broken and these weaknesses are exploited to marine erosion, They occur in most rocks, often in regular patterns, dividing rock strata up into blocks with a regular shape, Small cracks in rocks, often between a few cm and a few mm long. ubricates lines of weakness, e.g. Opportunities and Challenges in the Sahara Desert, Opportunities and Challenges in the Thar Desert, Opportunities and Challenges in the Western Desert. Other shapes, such as (B), may be more susceptible to erosion. 7.3.2 References. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. What are the locations of micro-features controlled by? What are the impacts of industry on the physical environment? Headlands and bays, such as Swanage Bay, form on discordant coastlines, where hard and soft rock run in layers at 90 to the water. These are determined by geology, rates of erosion and beach profile. Concordant coastlines tend to have fewer bays and headlands. Subaerial processes include weathering and mass movement. How has rainforest vegetation adapted to the climate? Retrieved from https://geography-revision.co.uk/a-level/physical/coastal-systems-and-processes/. What factors influence the effects and response to tectonic activity? Near vertical beds (with a dip of ~90) also produce steep cliffs but differential erosion is less prevalent3 in these structures. What are the effects of economic development in Nigeria on quality of life? How has the vegetation in the temperate deciduous forest adapted to the climate? This then creates a slip plane. What is the impact of humans on the desert? Hard rocks (e.g., Gabbro) are resistant to weathering & erosion so a coastline made of granite (e.g., Lands End) will change slowly. The hard rock shields the soft rock from erosion. these are rocks containing voids called pores, for example chalk and poorly cemented sandstones, they have numerous joints (e.g. The image below shows cracks in the chalk cliffs at Flamborough, Holderness Coast. Therefore, we can classify coastlines as being erosion- or deposition-dominated. There are four key types of erosion: Abrasion - waves transport material which hit the cliff and gradually wear it away . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. This all takes place within a small segment of the land/ocean interface known as the coast. The processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition within the coastal zone are largely contained within sediment cells or littoral cells. Likewise, precipitation penetrates the slant through unconsolidated permeable material and afterwards makes a slip plane as it arrives at an impermeable material, for example, clay. Coastlines are called discordant coastlines where the topography alternates between layers (or groups) of hard rock and soft rock. These processes operate on the cliff face to weaken it and provide material for coastal erosion. There is a range of landforms of erosion found along the coast. Some cliffs are formed of a mixture of rock types - the exact . A crack formed in the chalk cliffs at Flamborough. Firstly, marine processes erode and undermine the base of the cliff. This differential erosion creates headlands and bays along discordant coastlines. When overlying rock is removed, underlying strata expand and stretch, creating unloading joints parallel to the surface. How does flooding affect humans and the environment? Coastal Systems and Processes. If the hard rock is breached though, the softer rock is exposed and a cove can form (e.g., Lulworth Cove). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The angle these bands make with the coastline makes it either a concordant or discordant coastline. How have plants adapted to cold environments? Discordant coastline Source www.bbc.co.uk. In general, cliffs increase in height over time as the coast is eroded back. The Holderness Coast is located on the east coast of England. Mass movement- rotational slide 1993 landslide- 1million tonnes of cliff failed cutting the 60m high cliff back by 70m Created semicircular promontory 200m wide Causes: 140mm rainfall in the 2 months previously, pore water pressure build up, poor drainage and the Mass movemen t is the movement of materials downslope at a range of speeds due to gravity. When a wave breaks, the trapped air is compressed, which weakens the cliff and causes erosion. What is the Demographic Transition Model? This results in the formation of headlands and bays. A waves strength is controlled by its fetch and the wind speed. A Rock type and resistance to erosion Presence of lines of weakness Coastal structure Eventually, the crack will enlarge and become a cave. WJEC GCSE Geography Past Papers, The essentials of coastal systems and processes, Geography Cliff Profiles and Bedding Planes, Constructive and destructive wave illustration. The dip of rock strata in relation to the coastline. View the coasts menu. More resistant rocks (e.g. English: habitational name from any of numerous places called Cliff (e) Cle (e)ve or Clive from Old English clif 'slope bank cliff' or a topographic name from the same word. Check out Adapt the A-level & GCSE revision timetable app. Protection of cold environments as wilderness areas. Compared to cliffs with seaward dipping bedding planes, it is relatively steep and stable. Cliff Name Meaning. Which two characters are dominant? Where the coasts has the same type of rock along its length fewer bays and headlands are formed as the rate of erosion tends to be similar. In the tropics, low wave energy levels and high rates of chemical weathering produce low gradient casts. The shape of the cliff plays a major role in determining the rate of erosion. Limestone Case Study Malham, The Yorkshire Dales. Find out about the process of longshore drift. The sea cliff is the main landform along coasts where marine erosion is dominant. What problems are caused by global warming? The hard rock acts as a protective barrier to the softer rock behind it preventing erosion. What is the impact of humans on the Taiga? Split the line into sections where the slope angle changes. q_Rv")X&Vh.`^p _O$en$Ic:t]c6@ This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The degree of the tidal range will likewise impact the paces of erosion found at precipices. A wave-cut notch is created by erosional processes such . Headlands refract waves around them, reducing their erosive power at one location while increasing it at another. Fissures: Much smaller cracks in rocks, often only a few centimeters or millimeters long but they also represent weaknesses that erosion can exploit. Chemical weathering happens because of a weak chemical reaction between water and rocke.g. What are active, dormant and extinct volcanoes? It is inevitable that some sediment is moved between cells. OCR A Level Geography, AQA A Level Geography Past Papers How do joints influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? clays and sands) have less structural, strength and are eroded easily, producing a lower cliff profile with mudslides and slumping. At the coast there is the upper beach or backshore (backed by cliffs or sand dunes), the foreshore (periodically exposed by the tides) and the offshore area (covered by water) The coastal zone is a dynamic area with inputs and processes from land, sea and atmosphere. Where there is limited vegetation to bind the soil together and the ground is very saturated heavy rain can produce sheet flow over the upper cliff surface. Changing rates of rainforest deforestation. A case study of a sparsely populated area Himalayan Mountains, A case study of a densely populated area Greater London. A beach profile shows the cross-sectional shape of a beach, usually from the edge of the sea to the base of the cliff. This happens as waves store salt crystals in cracks and after some time the salt-like ice applies strain to the cracks. The angle the beds dip at affects how they are eroded and the profile of the resulting cliffs. mv"$9ezZ6Fm2f\M Economic activities in glaciated upland areas, Glaciation Photo gallery Goat Fell, Isle of Arran. Each coast is unique in its location and set of functions. A-level Biology, AQA GCSE Geography This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The weight of the saturated clay causes the material to slump along the slip plane. Cliff form can also be related to latitude. A-level Chemistry Additionally, severe joints created by weathering can increase the rate of erosion. k|CN2[>u6/9v}^}_iq>D\"q|}&~=:7";Zn>v6GvAtl|XHAeMcb9) @s"&H:X07]M3=Mi Beds dipping seaward can produce overhangs whilst beds dipping landward tend to produce more sloping cliffs. Cliffs and wave cut platforms Cliffs are common features of coastal environments. A cliff profile is the height and angle is a cliff face, plus it's features such as wave cut notches and changes in slope angle. Waves and tides play a role in the transportation of this broken-down material to other areas, and deposition refers to the process where waves and tides lose energy and no longer carry the disintegrated material. This downward energy erodes cliffs, and the backwash erodes the shoreline, creating steep shore profiles. What is the site and situation of a settlement? Our partners will collect data and use cookies for ad personalisation and measurement. These coasts have smaller beaches and may, depending on geology, be more exposed to higher levels of erosion. When the roof of the arch collapses a stack is formed(see image below). They are typically made up of bedding planes (layers) with joints (vertical cracks). Chalk surrounds the boulder clay. Y>SZ 3475A[k'UViv=3VGa,+g3?gf+,w{1Jrl|:Q@3^JmQa3;x9Ik&kr'\pS7uO)&;ZNWuIts|Kb9}WOdtpE{zBf`^qulCa6Wm &L5-;=i`6` )r]tt$xOZh{S2U6. Bays are more sheltered with constructive waves which deposit sediment to. Pore water pressure in the saturated layer pushes rock particles apart. Bedding planes layers of sediment that represent surfaces of exposure that occurred between depositional events. The four different ways that waves and tides erode the coast are indicated below: Hydraulic action: Air becomes trapped in joints and cracks in the cliff face. Leads to slumping in unconsolidated material and sliding in consolidated strata - producing a complex cliff profile. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Broadly there are two aspects of a cliff to consider: the cliff profile (a vertical cross-section) and the cliff plan (the shape of the cliff when viewed from the air). qcq%wFn+=#+ 0uEOr*cy_5{Lx_v @ @Me[k:]'fhk Although you may be able to measure the height and depth of a wave-cut notch (if present), do not attempt to climb cliffs directly This again happens twice in the lunar cycle because of the sun and moon acting against one another. Occasionally, wave action and weathering erodes joints in the cave roof to form a blow hole. Because the soft rock is exposed, it is eroded faster than the hard rock. Economic opportunities and challenges in Lagos. In small areas of sea or coastlines that are protected by seaward barriers or islands, prevailing winds do not affect wind direction; thus, waves approaching the coast are parallel to the shore, known as swash-aligned. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. John Wiley & Sons. Each coastline has its own balance and equilibrium of erosion, transportation, and deposition, which is affected by various interactions. Water quality and pollution management in the UK. Therefore every cliff coastline is a sign that land is being lost. Flows collect sediment in suspension during a storm when high-force winds produce high-energy waves. Weak tidal flows and a small tidal range will decide the shape and degree of stream deltas just as the size of seashore profiles. What is the value of the tropical rainforest? This is around 2 million tonnes of material every year. The coast is the narrow zone between the land and the sea. Additionally, precipitation that permeates through the slope can create a slip plane when it reaches an impermeable layer of material such as clay. This is because the waves have further to travel in very shallow water as the platform grows. Micro-features are small-scale coastal features such as caves and wave-cut notches which form part of a cliff profile. Sustainable development in the desert The Great Green Wall. OCR GCSE Geography Past Papers h|lQ%2~pjW|TvmO67&Z[~[+Qv,up=L6 3l}qXqX"p j3&+n&S0n&Mc&z^c+Tk+vQVjVH>0smNc@1k What are Mumbais social and economic opportunities? Sometimes the outer hard rock is punctured, allowing the sea to erode the softer rocks behind. How can we increase the amount of food produced globally? 4B Wave Erosion Processes - A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY REVISION: EDEXCEL 2B.4B Wave Erosion Processes The importance of wave erosion processes (hydraulic action, corrosion, abrasion, attrition) and how they are influenced by wave type, size and lithology. Where are polar and tundra environments located? This all takes place within a small segment of the land/ocean interface known as . Covering KS3, GCSE and A-Level, we provide the most comprehensive GCSE and A-Level revision tools to pass your exams. Edexcel A Level Geography Past Papers cliff profiles are a consequence of wave attack, subaerial processes and the nature of the material wave action undercuts cliffs through abrasion and hydraulic action softer and more jointed rocks will erode more rapidly because of lower levels of physical strength and cohesion and smaller surface areas The ice applies pressure and breaks the stone. Temperate regions tend to have the steepest cliffs. Its profile is steep but the softer (lighter in colour) rock has undergone differential erosion producing several notches. 9MpoW_`T6G>-7w={?B;f~|{w_zSXP~zyAs~_~/z}xsLP$izxi>A7_?zsSJ>=/f~~k}^=5_}W_~[{w]leY[Tmwv))Snv*0O1#v'=YCYA:'F8bx)vza1(Syw;?7#Xo a*"Xe~}cZ>IFA&+=DYcqc FmL:w#X57$h>. The size of fetch and type of wave are crucial factors affecting the rate of erosion. ]X^`T\lq\v7bf_l*Fk?]>1-qne Uw[L6n h]NP?cSc78]-[YH477@=N1l}#6Gww|[ High energy coasts Waves are powerful (for a significant part of the year) The rate of erosion exceeds the rate of deposition Notice the erosion taking place at the base of the cliff. Erosion rates vary depending on a variety of factors. What is a dip? Micro-features are small-scale coastal features such as caves and wave-cut notches which form part of a cliff profile. Where cliffs are made from more resistant rock, wave-cut platforms are often formed. There are two significant tides to observe; the spring tide and the neap tide. If the less resistant rock is near the top of the cliff, it may be subjected to sub-aerial processes. It is caused by a combination of marine processes and precipitation. Constructive waves are associated with weak discharge and strong swash, which develops deep-level shorelines, and are therefore more associated with coastlines of deposition. ,)u/u0g=.1 R/det:2H)cA1~a{RV~i.K&olQm {Y8B'AaxLx`S%yF%Vviee97!=2wO#6OvQvgP2(P>t*fBWCR Concordant (rock type runs parallel to the sea). This means that the bathymetry (the underwater elevation) of the ocean or sea bed also impacts the strength of waves. The state and direction of the coastline in relation to approaching waves is also an important factor to consider. WJEC A Level GeographyPast Papers, AQA GCSE Geography Past Papers What geological features influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? The sea attacks a weakness in the base of the cliff. ;mmM[~yS4iVFmU7V[GKxs?/[2Fzl;]m.rUZ[oE8XeS mGCfg;%'I.keutcjcK8s-9cVbbgar5^Z}dUb6FCYwzJi56"tG~Qj%%'(&RZM!>&;i6";L cyDp>{wE&DOa7kCk36ldMi$g=Z}V&Mqbf["8/OEw8b+j3L=~reV\[:Kmc2q>OMl1^K +GBxD; IN]S~D?{.Ro History The soft rock is less resistant than the hard rock so it is eroded faster. The added weight of the saturated material, combined with the destabilization of the base, causes the slope to slump or rotate downward. Depending on the relative position of the weaker rock in composite cliffs determines the different landforms that are created. This is physical weathering. SYSTEM FEEDBACKS Feedback occurs as a result of change in a system and they may be either positive or negative, switching the system to a new state of equilibrium or attempting to recover to the system's original . The clay and water causes the weighted immersed material above to droop. They result from the interaction of a number of processes: Rocks tend to form in layers of different rock types known as beds. What are shanty town improvement schemes? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website.
United Airlines Boarding Pass Print Out, Articles C