Anyone engaging in criminal activity does not have a defense to stand on with this legislation when they attempt to harm you, but your self-defense actions allow for the legal justification for homicide. National Archive of Criminal Justice Data, Resource Guide: Uniform Crime Reporting Program, webpage, undated. The people have a right to any type of weapon that they can legally obtain in order to protect themselves, Carson wrote in his book A More Perfect Union. It removes any deterrent that might be available for firearm-related homicides because it offers a path to escape without penalty. It is the rule of heuristics, when people use unconscious, rapid decisions to create frequently accurate outcomes. While the older common law interpretations required defendants to have made some effort to retreat from their attacker or avoid the conflict, most state laws no longer impose a duty to retreat. Stand your ground laws empower people to take action. As of August 17, 2022: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime Data Explorer, homepage, 2022d. 4 Duty to retreat: Legal principle that requires a person to flee or back away from a threatening situation when they can safely do so rather than attempt self-defense by deadly force. As of October 13, 2017: Wright, Alexandra, Katherine E. Smith, and Mark Hellowell, Policy Lessons from Health Taxes: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies,, Wright, M. A., and G. J. Wintemute, Felonious or Violent Criminal Activity that Prohibits Gun Ownership Among Prior Purchasers of Handguns: Incidence and Risk Factors,, Wright, M. A., G. J. Wintemute, and B. E. Claire, People and Guns Involved in Denied and Completed Handgun Sales,, Wright, M. A., G. J. Wintemute, and B. E. Claire, Gun Suicide by Young People in California: Descriptive Epidemiology and Gun Ownership,, Wright, Mona A., Garen J. Wintemute, and Frederick P. Rivara, Effectiveness of Denial of Handgun Purchase to Persons Believed to Be at High Risk for Firearm Violence,, Wu, Eric Q., Lizheng Shi, Howard Birnbaum, Teresa Hudson, and Ronald Kessler, Annual Prevalence of Diagnosed Schizophrenia in the USA: A Claims Data Analysis Approach,, Xue, Xiaonan, Mimi Y. Kim, Tao Wang, Mark H. Kuniholm, and Howard D. Strickler, A Statistical Method for Studying Correlated Rare Events and Their Risk Factors,, Yablon, Alex, Use of Red Flag Laws Varies Widely Among Local Police,, Yakubovich, Alexa R., Michelle Degli Esposti, Brittany C. L. Lange, G. J. Melendez-Torres, Alpa Parmar, Douglas J. Wiebe, and David K. Humphreys, Effects of Laws Expanding Civilian Rights to Use Deadly Force in Self-Defense on Violence and Crime: A Systematic Review,, Yurk, Robin, Linda Jaramillo, Linda L. Erwin, and Neal J. Rendleman, Educating the Community About Violence Through a Gun Turn-In Program,, Zeoli, April M., Shannon Frattaroli, Kelly Roskam, and Anastasia K. Herrera, Removing Firearms from Those Prohibited from Possession by Domestic Violence Restraining Orders: A Survey and Analysis of State Laws,, Zeoli, April M., Alexander McCourt, Shani Buggs, Shannon Frattaroli, David Lilley, and Daniel W. Webster, Analysis of the Strength of Legal Firearms Restrictions for Perpetrators of Domestic Violence and Their Associations with Intimate Partner Homicide,, Zeoli, April M., and Jennifer K. Paruk, Potential to Prevent Mass Shootings Through Domestic Violence Firearm Restrictions,, Zeoli, April M., Jennifer Paruk, Charles C. Branas, Patrick M. Carter, Rebecca Cunningham, Justin Heinze, and Daniel W. Webster, Use of Extreme Risk Protection Orders to Reduce Gun Violence in Oregon,, Zeoli, A. M., and D. W. Webster, Effects of Domestic Violence Policies, Alcohol Taxes and Police Staffing Levels on Intimate Partner Homicide in Large U.S. Cities,, Zimmerman, Paul R., The Deterrence of Crime Through Private Security Efforts: Theory and Evidence,, Zimring, Franklin E., Firearms and Federal Law: The Gun Control Act of 1968,. : Buyback Programs Are a Key Tool for Removing Guns from the Streets,. Simon, Robert I., and Liza H. Gold, Decreasing Suicide Mortality: Clinical Risk Assessment and Firearm Management, in Liza H. Gold and Robert I. Simon, eds., Simon, T. R., A. C. Swann, K. E. Powell, L. B. Potter, M. Kresnow, and P. W. OCarroll, Characteristics of Impulsive Suicide Attempts and Attempters,, Simonetti, Joseph A., Deborah Azrael, and Matthew Miller, Firearm Storage Practices and Risk Perceptions Among a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Veterans With and Without SelfHarm Risk Factors,, Simonetti, Joseph A., Deborah Azrael, Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, and Matthew Miller, Firearm Storage Practices Among American Veterans,, Simonetti, Joseph A., Jessica L. Mackelprang, Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, Douglas Zatzick, and Frederick P. Rivara, Psychiatric Comorbidity, Suicidality, and in-Home Firearm Access Among a Nationally Representative Sample of Adolescents,, Simonetti, Joseph A., Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, Cassie King, Elizabeth Bennett, and Frederick P. Rivara, Evaluation of a Community-Based Safe Firearm and Ammunition Storage Intervention,, Simonetti, Joseph A., Mary Kay Theis, Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, Evette J. Ludman, and David C. Grossman, Firearm Storage Practices in Households of Adolescents With and Without Mental Illness,, Skeem, Jennifer, and Edward Mulvey, What Role Does Serious Mental Illness Play in Mass Shootings, and How Should We Address It?. There is no obligation to find a place to retreat while that person ransacks your place or tries to hunt you down. Penal Code 9.32; Wisc. The Pinellas County sheriff declined to arrest him because of the stand your ground law. Conference of State Legislatures, the above-mentioned laws are self-defense laws that relieve individuals of their "duty to retreat from an attacker before using force against them anywhere they are legally allowed to be" (Clark). Mazerolle, L. G., C. Watkins, D. Rogan, and J. Frank, Using Gunshot Detection Systems in Police Departments: The Impact on Police Response Times and Officer Workloads,, McCarthy, John F., Frederic C. Blow, Rosalinda V. Ignacio, Mark A. Ilgen, Karen L. Austin, and Marcia Valenstein, Suicide Among Patients in the Veterans Affairs Health System: Rural-Urban Differences in Rates, Risks, and Methods,, McClellan, Chandler, and Erdal Tekin, Stand Your Ground Laws, Homicides, and Injuries,. "[19], What Science Tells Us About the Effects of Gun Policies, In Search of Common Ground: Expert Judgments on Gun Policy Effects, New Approaches to Understanding the Effects of Gun Policies, Additions and Updates to the Gun Policy in America Initiative, Prohibitions Associated with Domestic Violence, Prohibitions Associated with Mental Illness, Surrender of Firearms by Prohibited Possessors, Bans on the Sale of Assault Weapons and High-Capacity Magazines, Firearm Sales Reporting, Recording, and Registration Requirements, Lost or Stolen Firearm Reporting Requirements, Laws Allowing Armed Staff in K-12 Schools, Explore all gun policies and outcomes from our research review, Firearm Injury Hospitalizations in America, Firearm Law Effects and Mortality Explorer, Inpatient Hospitalizations for Firearm Injury, State-Level Estimates of Household Firearm Ownership, The Effects of the 1996 National Firearms Agreement in Australia on Suicide, Homicide, and Mass Shootings, The Relationship Between Firearm Availability and Suicide, The Relationship Between Firearm Prevalence and Violent Crime, Education Campaigns and Clinical Interventions for Promoting Safe Storage, Gun Buyback Programs in the United States. If you are trespassing on someones property or are in the act of committing another crime, then you cannot claim this defense. Raifman, Julia, Elysia Larson, Colleen L. Barry, Michael Siegel, Michael Ulrich, Anita Knopov, and Sandro Galea, State Handgun Purchase Age Minimums in the US and Adolescent Suicide Rates: Regression Discontinuity and Difference-in-Differences Analyses,, Raissian, Kerri M., Hold Your Fire: Did the 1996 Federal Gun Control Act Expansion Reduce Domestic Homicides?, Rajkumar, A. P., E. M. Brinda, A. S. Duba, P. Thangadurai, and K. S. Jacob, National Suicide Rates and Mental Health System Indicators: An Ecological Study of 191 Countries,. There are pros and cons to both of these. A. Leitzel, Perversity, Futility, Jeopardy: An Economic Analysis of the Attack on Gun Control,, Cook, Philip J., and Jens Ludwig, Defensive Gun Uses: New Evidence from a National Survey,. Dandekar, Anika, and Tenneth Fairclough II, Voters Want Increased Gun Safety and Community Violence Intervention, blog post, Data for Progress, August 8, 2022. A. Mueller, C. Riedy, M. D. Dowd, A. Villaveces, J. Prodzinski, J. Nakagawara, J. Howard, N. Thiersch, and R. Harruff, Gun Storage Practices and Risk of Youth Suicide and Unintentional Firearm Injuries,, Grossman, D. C., D. T. Reay, and S. A. Baker, Self-Inflicted and Unintentional Firearm Injuries Among Children and Adolescents,, Grossman, David C., Helen A. Stafford, Thomas D. Koepsell, Ryan Hill, Kyla D. Retzer, and Ward Jones, Improving Firearm Storage in Alaska Native Villages: A Randomized Trial of Household Gun Cabinets,, Grossman, Richard S., and Stephen A. Lee, May Issue Versus Shall Issue: Explaining the Pattern of Concealed-Carry Handgun Laws, 19602001,, Grunwald, B., and A. V. Papachristos, Project Safe Neighborhoods in Chicago: Looking Back a Decade Later,, Gu, Jackie, Deadliest Mass Shootings Are Often Preceded by Violence at Home,, Guettabi, Mouhcine, and Abdul Munasib, Stand Your Ground Laws, Homicides and Gun Deaths,. Again, in the time of bitter regret and anxiety when Parnell made the violent attack on him in cbd for sale vermont his Manifesto, November 29, 1890, Saturday, he took his earliest opportunity, Tuesday, December 2, of . Pros to Joining a Fraternity Sense of Belonging. See Ia. Duggan, Mark, Guns and Suicide, in Jens Ludwig and Philip J. Cook, eds., Duggan, Mark, Randi Hjalmarsson, and Brian A. Jacob, The Short-Term and Localized Effect of Gun Shows: Evidence from California and Texas,, Duncan, O. D., Gun Use Surveys: In Numbers We Trust?, Durlauf, S. N., and D. S. Nagin, Imprisonment and Crime: Can Both Be Reduced?, Durlauf, Steven, Salvador Navarro, and David Rivers, Model Uncertainty and the Effect of Shall-Issue Right-to-Carry Laws on Crime,, Duwe, Grant, Body-Count Journalism: The Presentation of Mass Murder in the News Media,, Duwe, Grant, The Patterns and Prevalence of Mass Murder in Twentieth-Century America,. Stat. The Duty to Retreat. Kennedy, D. M., A. M. Piehl, and A. Code Ann. Hunter Ed, Storing Your Firearm, webpage, undated. Horowitz, Juliana Menasce, Anna Brown, and Kiana Cox, Hoskin, Anthony, Household Gun Prevalence and Rates of Violent Crime: A Test of Competing Gun Theories,, Hoyt, L., and D. GopalAgge, The Business Improvement District Model: A Balanced Review of Contemporary Debates,, Hudak, Lauren, Henry Schwimmer, Wiliam Warnock, Sarah Kilborn, Tim Moran, Jeremy Ackerman, and Jonathan Rupp, Patient Characteristics and Perspectives of Firearm Safety Discussions in the Emergency Department,, HuffCorzine, Lin, and Jay Corzine, The Devils in the Details: Measuring Mass Violence,, Huff-Corzine, Lin, James C. McCutcheon, Jay Corzine, John P. Jarvis, Melissa J. Tetzlaff-Bemiller, Mindy Weller, and Matt Landon, Shooting for Accuracy: Comparing Data Sources on Mass Murder,, Hughes, Karen, Mark A. Bellis, Lisa Jones, Sara Wood, Geoff Bates, Lindsay Eckley, Ellie McCoy, Christopher Mikton, Tom Shakespeare, and Alana Officer, Prevalence and Risk of Violence Against Adults with Disabilities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies,, Humphreys, David K., Antonio Gasparrini, and Douglas J. Wiebe, Evaluating the Impact of Floridas Stand Your Ground Self-Defense Law on Homicide and Suicide by Firearm: An Interrupted Time Series Study,. In the United States, stand-your-ground law states that an individual has no duty to retreat from any place they have lawful right to be and may use any level of force, including lethal, if they reasonably believe they face an imminent and immediate threat of serious bodily harm or death. But these laws vary widely from state to state, particularly when the self-defense in question involves a firearm or other method of lethal force. Crime Prevention Research Center, Updated: Mass Public Shootings Keep Occurring in Gun-Free Zones: 94% of Attacks Since 1950, June 15, 2018a. Evidence from Expansions to Castle Doctrine,. Sumner, S. A., P. M. Layde, and C. E. Guse, Firearm Death Rates and Association with Level of Firearm Purchase Background Check,, Sun, L., G. C. van Kooten, and G. M. Voss, Demand for Wildlife Hunting in British Columbia,, Swahn, M. H., B. Ali, R. M. Bossarte, M. van Dulmen, A. Crosby, A. C. Jones, and K. C. Schinka, Self-Harm and Suicide Attempts Among High-Risk, Urban Youth in the U.S.: Shared and Unique Risk and Protective Factors,. Stat. Today, this is the more common rule when situations involve nonlethal force. States with "castle doctrine" laws require people to try to retreat before resorting to deadly force unless they're within their own homes. Aneja, Abhay, John J. Donohue III, and Alexandria Zhang, Anestis, M. D., Prior Suicide Attempts Are Less Common in Suicide Decedents Who Died by Firearms Relative to Those Who Died by Other Means,, Anestis, Michael D., and Joye C. Anestis, Suicide Rates and State Laws Regulating Access and Exposure to Handguns,, Anestis, Michael D., Allison E. Bond, AnnaBelle OBryan, and Craig J. Bryan, An Examination of Preferred Messengers on Firearm Safety for Suicide Prevention,, Anestis, Michael D., Craig J. Bryan, Daniel W. Capron, and AnnaBelle OBryan, Lethal Means Counseling, Distribution of Cable Locks, and Safe Firearm Storage Practices Among the Mississippi National Guard: A Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial, 20182020,, Appleby, Louis, John A. Dennehy, Christopher S. Thomas, E. Brian Faragher, and Glyn Lewis, Aftercare and Clinical Characteristics of People with Mental Illness Who Commit Suicide: A Case-Control Study,, Arria, Amelia M., Emily R. Winick, Laura M. Garnier-Dykstra, Kathryn B. Vincent, Kimberly M. Caldeira, Holly C. Wilcox, and Kevin E. OGrady, Help Seeking and Mental Health Service Utilization Among College Students with a History of Suicide Ideation,, Associated Press, "New York Changes Gun Buyback After Seller Gets $21,000 for 3D-Printed Parts,", Athey, Susan, and Guido W. Imbens, Design-Based Analysis in Difference-in-Differences Settings with Staggered Adoption,, Avraham, Jacob B., Spiros G. Frangos, and Charles J. DiMaggio, The Epidemiology of Firearm Injuries Managed in US Emergency Departments,, Ayres, Ian, and John J. Donohue III, Nondiscretionary Concealed Weapons Laws: A Case Study of Statistics, Standards of Proof, and Public Policy,, Ayres, Ian, and John J. Donohue III, Shooting Down the More Guns, Less Crime Hypothesis,, Ayres, Ian, and John J. Donohue III, The Latest Misfires in Support of the 'More Guns, Less Crime' Hypothesis,, Ayres, Ian, and John J. Donohue III, Yet Another Refutation of the More Guns, Less Crime Hypothesiswith Some Help from Moody and Marvell,, Ayres, Ian, and John J. Donohue III, More Guns, Less Crime Fails Again: The Latest Evidence from 19772006,, Azad, Hooman Alexander, Michael C. Monuteaux, Chris A. Rees, Michael Siegel, Rebekah Mannix, Lois K. Lee, Karen M. Sheehan, and Eric W. Fleegler, Child Access Prevention Firearm Laws and Firearm Fatalities Among Children Aged 0 to 14 Years, 19912016,. and World Population Clock, 2017. W. Va. Ann. Kleck, Gary, Tomislav Kovandzic, and Mark E. Schaffer, Kleck, G., and E. B. Patterson, The Impact of Gun Control and Gun Ownership Levels on Violence Rates,, Klieve, Helen, Michael Barnes, and Diego De Leo, Controlling Firearms Use in Australia: Has the 1996 Gun Law Reform Produced the Decrease in Rates of Suicide with This Method?, Klieve, H., J. Sveticic, and D. De Leo, Who Uses Firearms as a Means of Suicide? Azrael, D., A. The states that passed shall-issue laws between 1977-2010 saw a 2% increase in their homicide rate, 9% increases in the incidents of aggravated assault, robbery, burglary, rape, and other serious crimes, and increases in burglary and larceny too. Ann. This is a very high-quality, heavy-duty fence, as depicted by the price. If it does not have a positive effect, then is it useful to keep the law on the books? The Air Force gets a lot of admiration from its sister branches because of the many luxuries they have. It Is a Prestigious Branch of the Military. 704.1; Conn. Gen. Stat. As of December 6, 2021: Alcorn, Ted, Trends in Research Publications About Gun Violence in the United States, 1960 to 2014,, Alcorn, Ted, and Scott Burris, Gun Violence Prevention,, Allcott, Hunt, Benjamin B. Lockwood, and Dmitry Taubinsky, Regressive Sin Taxes, with an Application to the Optimal Soda Tax,. As of June 16, 2022: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fatal Injury Reports, National, Regional, and State, 19812020, WISQARS database, Atlanta, Ga., 2022b. The first cases in their collection came from 2006 and went to July 2013. 503.050(4), 503.055(3); La. Even high-ranking officials like Ben Carson suggest that the presence of the laws is intended to allow people to take violent actions. Evidence from Panel Data,, Levine, Phillip B., and Robin McKnight, Firearms and Accidental Deaths: Evidence from the Aftermath of the Sandy Hook School Shooting,, Levitt, Steven D., Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors That Explain the Decline and Six That Do Not,, Lewiecki, E. M., and S. A. Miller, Suicide, Guns, and Public Policy,, Lexington, Why the NRA Keeps Talking About Mental Illness, Rather Than Guns,, Levy, Marc, Wilmer Alvarez, Lauren Vagelakos, Michelle Yore, and Bertha Ben Khallouq, Stand Your Ground: Policy and Trends in Firearm-Related Justifiable Homicide and Homicide in the US,, Li, Guohua, Susan P. Baker, Carla DiScala, Carolyn Fowler, Jean Ling, and Gabor D. Kelen, Factors Associated with the Intent of Firearm-Related Injuries in Pediatric Trauma Patients,, Li, Shanjun, Joshua Linn, and Erich Muehlegger, Gasoline Taxes and Consumer Behavior,, Li, Z., A. 2. That diversity makes the defensive posture stronger, which makes it easier to defend one's way of life. As of June 29, 2017: Andersen, Ronald, Martin R. Frankel, and Judith Kasper, Anderson, D. Mark, and Joseph J. Sabia, Child-Access-Prevention Laws, Youths Gun Carrying, and School Shootings,. When Politifact took a look at Floridas violent crime numbers dating back to 2000, they found that the trend of decline was occurring before 2005 when the first version of the statute went on the states books. Alpers, Philip, Mass Gun Killings in Australia, 19712019, GunPolicy.org, October 7, 2019. There may never be 100% agreement on both sides, but there are some places of common ground where some meaningful reforms may be possible. 14:20; N.H. Rev. A. Perper, C. J. Allman, G. M. Moritz, M. E. Wartella, and J. P. Zelenak, The Presence and Accessibility of Firearms in the Homes of Adolescent Suicides: A Case-Control Study,, Brent, D. A., J. Perper, G. Moritz, M. Baugher, and C. Allman, Suicide in Adolescents with No Apparent Psychopathology,, Brent, D. A., J. Cook, Philip J., and Harold A. Pollack, Reducing Access to Guns by Violent Offenders,. As of December 7, 2021: Mass Shooting Tracker, homepage, undated. As of August 18, 2022: Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund, Mayors Against Illegal Guns, and the National Urban League. Stat. Kelling, G. L., T. Pate, D. Dieckman, and C. E. Brown, Kelly, Timothy, Sara Brandspigel, Evan Polzer, and Marian E. Betz, Firearm Storage Maps: A Pragmatic Approach to Reduce Firearm Suicide During Times of Risk,, Kendall, Todd D., and Robert Tamura, Unmarried Fertility, Crime, and Social Stigma,, Kenne Pagui, Euloge Clovis, Alessandra Salvan, and Nicola Sartori, Improved Estimation in Negative Binomial Regression,, Kennedy, D. M., Pulling Levers: Chronic Offenders, High-Crime Settings, and a Theory of Prevention,, Kennedy, D. M., Whither Streetwork: The Place of Outreach Workers in Community Violence Prevention,, Kennedy, D. M., A. M. Piehl, and A. As of December 6, 2021: Horn, Dara L., Elissa K. Butler, Jessica L. Stahl, Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, and Alyson J. Littman, A Multi-State Evaluation of the Association Between Mental Health and Firearm Storage Practices,. While all jobs can be tiring, industries that demand heavy labor can benefit heavily from job rotation. Roberts, Darryl W., Intimate Partner Homicide: Relationships to Alcohol and Firearms,, Roberts, John M., Jr., Aki Roberts, and Tim Wadsworth, Multiple Imputation for Missing Values in Homicide Incident Data: An Evaluation Using Unique Test Data,, Robinson, Jo, Lay San Too, Jane Pirkis, and Matthew J. Spittal, Spatial Suicide Clusters in Australia Between 2010 and 2012: A Comparison of Cluster and Non-Cluster Among Young People and Adults,, Robinson, Lucas, Watch Now: Gun Buyback Was Virtue Signaling, GOP Dane County Sheriff Candidate Says,, Rockett, Ian R. H., Eric D. Caine, Steven Stack, Hilary S. Connery, Kurt B. Nolte, Christa L. Lilly, Ted R. Miller, Lewis S. Nelson, Sandra L. Putnam, Paul S. Nestadt, and Haomiao Jia, Method Overtness, Forensic Autopsy, and the Evidentiary Suicide Note: A Multilevel National Violent Death Reporting System Analysis,, Rockett, Ian R. H., Nestor D. Kapusta, and Jeffrey H. Coben, Beyond Suicide: Action Needed to Improve Self-Injury Mortality Accounting,, Rodway, Cathryn, Sandra Flynn, David While, Mohammed S. Rahman, Navneet Kapur, Louis Appleby, and Jenny Shaw, Patients with Mental Illness as Victims of Homicide: A National Consecutive Case Series,, Roeder, Oliver, The Phrase Mass Shooting Belongs to the 21st Century,, Rogers, William H., Regression Standard Errors in Clustered Samples,, Roman, C. G., N. W. Link, J. M. Hyatt, A. Bhati, and M. Forney, Assessing the Gang-Level and Community-Level Effects of the Philadelphia Focused Deterrence Strategy,, Roman, John, Do Stand Your Ground Laws Worsen Racial Disparities?, Romero, Michael P., Garen J. Wintemute, and Jon S. Vernick, Characteristics of a Gun Exchange Program, and an Assessment of Potential Benefits,, Roncek, D. W., and P. A. Maier, Bars, Blocks, and Crimes Revisited: Linking the Theory of Routine Activities to the Empiricism of Hot Spots,. Cherney, Samantha, Andrew R. Morral, Terry L. Schell, and Sierra Smucker. Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. As of June 16, 2022: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nonfatal Injury Reports, 20002020, WISQARS database, Atlanta, Ga., 2022c. Here are some pros and cons of each that I hope will help you decide how to create the getaway of a lifetime at least until next year. They used a decades worth of data to look at the impact of the law from a criminal standpoint. Jones, Edward D., III, The District of Columbias Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975: The Toughest Handgun Control Law in the United Statesor Is It?, Jonson, Cheryl Lero, Alexander L. Burton, Francis T. Cullen, Justin T. Pickett, and Velmer S. Burton, Jr., An Apple in One Hand, a Gun in the Other: Public Support for Arming Our Nations Schools,, Joossens, Luk, and Martin Raw, From Cigarette Smuggling to Illicit Tobacco Trade,, Joshi, M., and S. B. Sorenson, Intimate Partner Violence at the Scene: Incident Characteristics and Implications for Public Health Surveillance,, Juodis, Marcus, Andrew Starzomski, Stephen Porter, and Michael Woodworth, A Comparison of Domestic and Non-Domestic Homicides: Further Evidence for Distinct Dynamics and Heterogeneity of Domestic Homicide Perpetrators,, Kafka, Julie M., Kathryn E. Moracco, Deanna S. Williams, and Claire G. Hoffman, Disarming Abusers: Domestic Violence Protective Order (DVPO) Firearm Restriction Processes and Dispositions,, Kagawa, Rose M. C., Alvaro Castillo-Carniglia, Jon S. Vernick, Daniel Webster, Cassandra Crifasi, Kara E. Rudolph, Magdalena Cerd, Aaron Shev, and Garen J. Wintemute, Repeal of Comprehensive Background Check Policies and Firearm Homicide and Suicide,. As of June 29, 2017: van Dijk, Jan, John van Kesteren, and Paul Smit, Vernick, Jon S., Ted Alcorn, and Joshua Horwitz, Background Checks for All Gun Buyers and Gun Violence Restraining Orders: State Efforts to Keep Guns from High-Risk Persons,.
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