Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)? Indicate by choosing the appropriate option whether the use is for incidence or prevalence data. Colonization refers to the spread of plague to the Americas by settlers from Europe. R(x+y)dA\iint _ { R } ( x + y ) d AR(x+y)dA; R is bounded by y=|x| and y=4. prostate cancer. women? 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. Beach City has a rising population of 50,000 robust, fertile males and 50, Takayasu arteritis is a disease of the aorta and its branches, however pulmonary and cardiac arteries may be involved. -Endemic- used to characterize a disease that is habitually present in a particular Socrates popularized the notion that the environment is associated with human disease. In current thinking, the term epidemic is used only to describe outbreaks of infectious disease. The death rate per 100,000 for coronary thrombosis is 422 among non-smokers and 599 among smokers. True or False? lack of participation in risk reduction programs. Tungsten crystallizes in a body-centered cubic unit cell with an edge length of 317 pm. The ratio of severe cases to other clinically apparent cases was: An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. during the same time period. In community A, 200 susceptible people were exposed to an index case, 150 people were infected (not including the index case), 75 people became ill, and 40 people died. Incidence and prevalence data have different applications in public health. Incidence and prevalence data have different applications in public health. The sensitivity and specificity of the new test are 60% and 70%, respectively. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: A. seasonal variations in cases of influenza. Which statement is correct? tuberculosis. Indicate by choosing the appropriate option whether the use is for incidence or prevalence data. Case-control studies are among the best observational designs to study diseases of: Examples of exposure data in ecologic studies include: 1. Long term changes in mortality trends. of cigarette use and the secondary approach prompts the user to seek treatment. Men are more likely to be diagnosed with To express the burden or extent of some condition or attribute in a population. Marital status is an important descriptive epidemiologic variable because it is: Theorized to be both a selective and a protective factor, Which of the following is not one of the four criteria for the utility of, The best routinely available sources of data regarding the incidence of respiratory disease outbreaks and other rapidly spreading conditions are, Reports of absenteeism from work and school, Data on morbidity in the U.S. armed forces include, 1. A and B Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. life. Age is the most important factor because age-specific disease rates usually show The person with disease has had no symptoms and is not aware of the disease 2. -Genetic and environment interactions Patients are usually under 40-years of age at presentation and there are no apparent differences in incidence or . or condition at a given point in time. Which of the following terms is expressed as a ratio (as distinguished from a proportion)? Name the three categories of descriptive epidemiologic variables. Detailed explanations needed (6 points). a. vitamin-containing coenzyme; glucose b. ATP; ADP c. glucose; oxygen d. glucose; vitamin-containing coenzyme. 1. When the duration of a disease becomes short and the incidence is high, the prevalence becomes similar to incidence. Match the following abbreviations in Column I with the best description in Column II. The ill individuals developed moderate to severe diarrhea 16 to 46 hours after the picnic. Availability of the data In a survey which uses lay interviewers to interview one person about his or her health and the health of household members, the sources of error include: 1. The figure on page 475 represents different combinations and qualities of validity and reliability (high vs. low). -are of indeterminate significance for rare diseases, because the clusters may occur by chance alone. Using epidemiology for operational research involves the study of: What factors should be considered in measuring long-term changes in disease Which form of prevention takes place after the precursors of disease interact with the host? Some diseases are simply more -Concentration of racial or ethnic groups within an area Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: -Changes in exposure to infectious agents -Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons -Changes in temporary stressors The use of GIS (Geographic Information Systems) may be thought of as following the heritage of: Snow proportion of individuals in a population who have a particular disease at a given point the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder. The table below shows the mumps experience of children in 390 families exposed to mumps by a primary case within the family: The secondary attack rate among children aged two to four years is: True or False? robust, fertile females. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease like pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect seasonal variations in cases of influenza and c hanges in exposure to infectious agents. social classes. You have just finished administering a food/drink questionnaire to ill and non-ill participants in a Minnesota summer picnic party. epidemiology contribute to its understanding. Determining workload and planning the scope of facilities and manpower needs, -have been shown for angio sarcoma and vaginal carcinoma. Indicate by choosing the appropriate option whether the use is for incidence or prevalence data: This is a use primarily for incidence data. promoting the cessation of cigarette smoking via talk therapy or nicotine substitutes. HIV/AIDS 3. Hope this answers the question. See Answer Question: Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Expert Answer Seasonal variation is the common feature of many diseases, cyclic variation in the occurrence of diseases. given the same level of medical care across the board because it has never been an A major disadvantage of cohort studies over case-control studies with respect to the role of a suspected factor in the etiology of a disease is that: They permit direct estimation of risk (or incidence) of disease in those exposed to the suspected factor. of age adjustment. What do you reply? specific death rates in the study population must not be stable. Therapeutic trials To provide a direct estimate of the risk of developing a disease. True or False? Explanation : - Nutritional Counseling for pregnant women - Primary prevention active 3 Which of the following activities characterizes a clinical approach (as opposed to an epidemiological approach)? The water source responsible for causing an outbreak of disease X is unknown. This measure of effect is influenced by: 1. Reasons for the resurgence of tuberculosis include the increasing prevalence of HIV infection. population is equal to the incidence of new cases multiplied by the average duration of True or False? Small Pox exists in developing countries. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published an article concerning the high rate of foot fungal disease in New Orleans. Changes in exposure to infectious agents, A null hypothesis is most similar to which of the following. Community A receives its water from several sources. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. Which of the following does not describe the Gini index? A morbidity survey of the general population, is called the decennial census and is administered every five years, Before utilizing data for an epidemiologic study, the researcher must first consider the, 1. Fifty other members of the initial cohort could not be examined; 20 of these 50 could not be examined because they died. As your sample you will use the next 200 single births occurring in a given hospital. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Changes in exposure to infectious agents Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons Changes in temporary stressors Endogenous biologic factors All of the above ** (p. 218) There are a number of factors which are reflected in a cyclic variations in occurrence disease. Cardiovascular disease, the most common cause of death in the United States and other developed countries, also has an intrinsic variation in events. The site where a disease agent enters the body is the: True or False? Determining workload and planning the scope of facilities and manpower needs, particularly for chronic disease. Evaluate the volume flow rate per unit depth between r1=0.10mr_1=0.10 \mathrm{~m}r1=0.10m and r2=0.12mr_2=0.12 \mathrm{~m}r2=0.12m, if =0.5rad/s\omega=0.5 \mathrm{rad} / \mathrm{s}=0.5rad/s. the host? The 1918 Influenza or Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as "the Mother of All Assessment of potential interventions 3. True or False? Sixty-five people had fever and diarrhea, five of these people were severely affected. Numerous epidemiologic studies have indicated that race does not influence the . A study observed that towns with higher sales of suntan lotion had higher rates of skin cancer. One of William Farr's contributions to public health and epidemiology included the development of a more sophisticated system for codifying medical conditions. Three hundred people are screened at a clinic during the first year the new test is implemented. Seasonal variations True or False: Infant mortality rates are higher in the upper social classes than in the lower social classes. Beach City has a rising population of 500,000 robust, fertile males and 450,000 robust, fertile females. True or False? This could be due Case-control studies are among the best observational designs to study diseases of: Examples of descriptive epidemiologic studies do not usually include: A major advantage of cohort studies over case-control studies with respect to the role of a suspected factor in the etiology of a disease is that: they permit direct estimation of risk of disease in those exposed to the suspected factor. In community B, pathogenicity was 40%, infectivity was 90%, and virulence was 60%. What are the two types of epidemics? Chapters 3 & 4 Quiz 1) Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Changes in exposure to infectious agents Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons Changes in temporary stressors Endogenous biologic factors All of the above The answer is all of the above. Which of the following data sources is most likely to provide a representative sample of the general health status of a population? True or False? The relative risk of dying for a smoker compared to a non-smoker is, 10.1 for lung cancer and 1.4 for coronary thrombosis, An epidemiologic experiment is performed in which one group is exposed to a suspected factor and the other is not. True or false? Incidence and prevalence data have different applications in public health. The strategy which is not aimed at reducing selection bias is: standardized protocol for structured interviews. Different races have different rates of disease and risk factors. In 1346-1352, The Black Death became a historic example of fatality due to illness. populations (older adults and those with underlying health conditions) are more A major advantage of cohort studies over case-control studies with respect to the role of a suspected factor in the etiology of a disease is that: They permit direct estimation of risk of disease in those exposed to the suspected factor. True or False? To illustrate the relationship between prevalence and incidence, consider a hypothetical True or False? - allows comparisons by age, sex, and race. What factors should be considered in measuring long-term changes in disease frequency over time? What level of prevention is represented by nutritional counseling for pregnant to a predisposition to lower socioeconomic status. In a study to determine the incidence of a chronic disease, 150 people were examined at the end of a three-year period. However, other more Description of specific signs and symptoms in a patient. You say you cannot test for statistical association because there is no relevant comparison group. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. Evaluate the following integrals. Incidence may be increasing over time and cyclical variation in disease may reflect an infectious etiology. What factors compromise the epidemiologic triangle? Describe in detail (1+2 points). High rates of mortality from hypertension found among African Americans may be due to : Selected answer - E - all of the above Selected answer - E - all of the above 17. The severity (stage) of disease of the patients at the two hospitals at baseline 2. females in the United States. the time span of a single incubation period and is caused by a common source of True or false? The case fatality rate is the same thing as the mortality rate for a disease. one race. A cross-sectional study allows the demonstration of a time sequence between exposure and disease. own sections in our text, I think that their works should not go unnoticed. Pandemics", killed between 50-100 million people worldwide and it is estimated that 1/ Choose the incorrect answer. Subsequent laboratory tests on everyone who attended the luncheon revealed an additional 72 cases. A null hypothesis is most similar to which of the following? Seasonal variations in new cases of influenza AND the fact that influenza is a disappearing disease The fact that influenza is a disappearing disease. among women aged 15-24 could be the utilization of print materials or online marketing He then reviewed the obstetrical and delivery records of their mothers to determine carious prenatal and perinatal expsoures. Hollingshead and Redlich found that severe mental illness was more common in the upper than the lower social classes., Large international variations in rates of infectious and communicable diseases as well as other conditions are most likely explained by A. differences in climate B. differences in cultural factors . Two charges are placed on the x axis. Mortality rates by sex in the United States generally show the following sex differences: According to classic studies, morbidity rates by sex in the United States show the following sex differences: High rates of mortality from hypertension found among African Americans may be due to: Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: -Changes in exposure to infectious agents. A real reason for change in prevalence could be a change in surviorship. -Changes in the fatal course of the condition. Keywords: True or False? In addition, 10 other infants are born with malfunctions. Reduce error that results from the way in which the outcome is assessed 2. T he respondent provides the information but the interviewer doesn't record it or records it incorrectly 3. The three characteristics of PERSON that are used in epidemiologic studies are age, 3. increased burden of further diagnostic services. The primary prevention approach gives the potential smoker information about the risks Large international variations in rates of infectious and communicable diseases as well as other conditions are most likely explained by: The use of GIS may be thought of as following the heritage of: Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: Marital status is an important descriptive epidemiologic variable because it is: The descriptive epidemiologic variable AGE is related to: Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include: True or False? This is a use primarily for prevalence data. Sexually transmitted diseases are examples of a residual disorder, one for which the contributing factors are known but for which methods of control have . The Gini index: True or False? An attack rate is an alternative incidence rate that is used when: True or False? Successful treatment programs that would shorten the duration of a disease primarily affect: What are the three main components of SES? certain diseases increases with age, such as cancer. The test manufacturers determine that the test's sensitivity is unacceptably low. changes in exposure to infectious agents change in the risk-taking behavior of persons changes in temporary stressors endogenous biologic factors crude birth death rate (# of live births w/in a given period/pop. An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. True or False? The epidemiology of COVID-19 is They are nine aspects of an empirical association to consider when trying to decide whether the association is constant to consider if the association is consistent with cause and effect. -Presence of environmental carcinogens. A valid conclusion derived from the above data concerning mortality among estrogen users is: Mortality from cancer of the uterus rises with age regardless of whether or not estrogen is used. Of note, the main cyclic components of monthly flu incidence in Azerbaijan (1, 2-3, 6-7, 10-13, 16-17 years) may be considered similar to some of the most prominent cyclic components in such global HGA parameters as the sunspot index, F10.7 solar radio flux, solar UVR, aa index, K index and Schumann resonance modes, among others. incidence is essential for public health practitioners, as it can inform disease prevention E qually through follow-up for mortality. The highest rate is clearly among children 4 years old and younger. population over a specified time period. Discuss the effectiveness of some of the CFC\mathrm{CFC}CFC substitutes. They want to publish this as a case report and want to know how to analyze the cases. Smallpox, a disease that impacted Europe in the early 1700s, inspired the creation of brought up in our Zoom meeting last week. Before concluding that the surgeons at Hospital B have vastly superior skill, which of the following possible confounders would you examine? Crediting the characteristics of the group to every individual in the group. An outbreak of salmonellosis occurred after an epidemiology department luncheon, which was attended by 485 faculty and staff. When used to screen a group of healthy blood donors for virus X infections, the test is found to have a positive predictive value of 30%. common in one gender over another. Was an early epidemiologist who used natural experiments. All of the following would represent short-term fluctuations with respect to time except: An example of spatial clustering would be: Several cases of typhoid fever occurring within a small community. Convey your understanding of the difference between and Places. 2. possible psychological trauma that accompanies suspicion of a disease. Let's say that in a certain population of 100,000 people, 100 new cases of a Lyme disease is an example of a disease transmitted by arthropod vectors. True or False? In cohort studies, information can be obtained on rare exposures. Reasons for gender differences in mortality may include: The outbreak of CJD in England in the 1990's represented what type of disease time trend? - Pasteurization of milk - Primary prevention passive True or False? Question 13. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: 1. The following data were collected: Someone suggests immunization as a means of reducing disease, specifically the feared UJ (uderlinger jacamoodi). in time, while incidence is the number of new cases of the disease that occur in a supernatural. In community A, 200 susceptible people were exposed to an index case, 150 people were infected (not including the index case), 75 people became ill, and 40 people died. Assume everyone ate the same food items. Molecular epidemiology applies the techniques of molecular biology to epidemiologic studies. Have a nice day. A. number of persons who ate a specific food and became ill/ total number of persons who ate the specific food Examples of infections caused by indirect transmission of disease agents: Airborne infections, vector-borne infections, vehicle-borne infections, An inanimate object that carries infectious disease agents, Washing hands and surfaces where food is prepared, An infection transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans like Anthrax or Rabies, The severity of a disease produced by an Infectious agent, The resistance of an entire community to an infectious agent as a result of the immunity of a large proportion of individuals in that community to the agent, The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of persons or animals, Respiratory passages, alimentary canal, skin lesions. For example, African In a large city, it is 8 per 1,000. John Cassel argued that the agent, host, and environment triad provided an adequate explanation for chronic diseases of non-infectious origin. True or False? Developmental problems such as congenital birth defects occur primarily late in life. In glycolysis, _____ is oxidized, and _____ is reduced. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect Changes in exposure to infectious agents, Changes in the risk-taking behavior of persons, Changes in temporary stressors, Endogenous biologic factors Increases in lung cancer mortality, especially among women, illustrate which of the following trends in disease occurrence? Epidemiology can be traced back to 400 BC with Hippocrates' work, On Airs, Waters, seasonal variations in cases of influenza. are required to give 0.102 mol HClO4HClO_4HClO4? In the 2010 Census, respondents were given the option of selecting more than Feel free to ask more questions. They ask you to tell them what tests to run. You are interested in controlling cigarette smoking among women aged 15-24. The difference between primary and secondary prevention of disease is: primary prevention means control of causal factors, while secondary prevention means early detection and treatment of disease. The study design is: Ecological study, because the the cause if before the effect (exposure before disease). vaccinations. sex, and race. Changes in exposure to infectious agents 2. Check the flow rate calculated from the stream function by integrating the velocity profile along this line. A dynamic population is one that adds new members through immigration and births and loses members through emigration and deaths. True or False? High firearm death rates and homicide rates are indicators of adverse conditions within the community. Many ionic compounds contain either aluminum (a Group 3A metal) or a metal from Group 1A or Group 2A and a nonmetal-oxygen, nitrogen, or a halogen (Group 7 A). In contrast to observational studies, intervention studies are employed to: Which types of health issues are likely to be addressed in community trials? The inference that in this age group men and women have an equal risk of getting coronary heart disease is incorrect because the data are prevalence data and not incidence data. Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect: 1 answer Scientists have introduced in bacteria a wild type gene coding for GFP (green fluorescent protein) or two engineered versions of this gene containing an . The incidence of many biologic phenomena displays a reproducible and cyclic variation. What level of prevention is represented by screening for breast cancer? True or False? ), and tend to suffer more severe health consequences. long-term changes in mortality trends. Previous approaches to u incidence variations have mostly employed a visualization of cyclic varia-tions [1, 2, 4], calculation of the number of peaks with-in pre-dened intervals of time [3, 4] and/or indication of their parallelism to similar variations in cyclic environmental factors [1, 2]. The social environment refers to the totality of behavioral, personality, and cultural characteristics of a group of people. Certain diseases can occur more than once in the same individual during a stated Developmental problems such as congenital birth defects occur primarily late in Cyclic variations in the occurrence of disease may reflect Changes in exposure to infectious agentsChanges in the risk-taking behavior of personsSeasonal variations Main purpose of descriptive epi Test hypotheses Exposure Contact with a disease-causing factor or the amount of the factor that affects a group of individuals True or False? Name them. Cyclic Cushing's syndrome (CS) involves rhythmic fluctuations in ACTH secretion resulting in a cyclic variation of adrenal steroid production. True or False? The epidemiologic and clinical descriptions of a disease are different., True or False? Assume the true prevalence of Lyme disease among clinic attendees is 10%. A delayed feedback (for example between incidence now and in the past) seems implausible for type-1 diabetes. Calculate the following value: A screening examination was performed on 250 persons for Factor X, which is found in disease Y. failure to identify persons who have the condition, A test that determines whether disease is actually present is a. exposure (cholera), Point epidemic- the response of a group of people to a source of infection or These include: Your Answer: was an early epidemiologist who used natural experiments. What are the differences between "common source epidemic", "continuous In 2010, the groups most affected in the U.S. by TB were foreign-born individuals and racial and ethnic minorities. I simply do not understand a world where people are not True or False? Which month in 1918 was the cruelest as far as the number of deaths from the flu in the United States? The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is best determined by, The incidence rate (cumulative incidence) for that disease in a given period of time. 3. Surgeons at Hospital A report that the mortality rate at the end of a one-year follow-up after a new coronary bypass procedure is 15%. At Hospital B, the surgeons report a one-year mortality rate of 8% for the same procedure. An abrupt drop in mortality due to specific disease from one year to the next is most likely due to: A change in the International Classification of Disease. Understanding the relationship between prevalence and How can they improve the sensitivity of the test? of hypotheses. The prevalence-incidence relationship formula person-years). and the duration of the illness. The type of surveillance used to control the Ebola outbreak in Kikwit?
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