a. socially constructed Conflict theorists examine power disparities and struggles between various racial and ethnic groups. b. Women are disproportionately employed in vulnerable employment. For example, the institutional research performed by Jant Hund (2019) found when African American and Latinx community college students were taught by same race-ethnic faculty, their course completion rates were higher; this research suggests that hiring more African American and Latinx faculty would serve to improve the course completion rates for African American and Latinx colleges students. This concept, sometimes, can be problematic. c. die about two years earlier than women. Finally, critical race theorists pose a variety of social reforms. Feminism is the belief that Some people who claim a White identity have a greater amount of skin pigmentation than some people who claim a Black identity; how did they come to define themselves as Black or White? Females are more biologically equipped for household labor and childcare. d. 81%. A conflict theory perspective of U.S. history would examine the numerous past and current struggles between the white ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities, noting specific conflicts that have arisen when the dominant group perceived a threat from the people of color. Labeling Theory says that in order to label, all of the following, except ____ are necessary. 1. a. c. transgendered individuals Jeff says that women who get drunk in bars and go home with strangers are just "asking" to be raped. In fact, some interactionists propose that the symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism. b. a. d. all of these. d. nursing. According to national surveys, most U.S. parents support which type of sex education program in school? . 1. b. the continuation of cultural beliefs. a. The years since the Civil War have showed a pattern of attempted disenfranchisement, with gerrymandering and voter suppression efforts aimed at predominantly minority neighborhoods. The term "glass ceiling" refers to which of the following? Gender stereotypes are present in the media in which of the following ways? Another way to apply the functionalist perspective to race and ethnicity is to discuss the way racism can contribute positively to the functioning of society by strengthening bonds between in-group members through the ostracism of out-group members. Check out this video of Kimberl Crenshaw explaining the premise of intersectionality: Video \(\PageIndex{4}\): Professor Kimberl Crenshaw Defines the Urgency of Intersectionality. a. Race prejudice as a sense of group position. c. occupational sex segregation. c. an employee who "accidentally" fondles a coworker 1. d. the second shift. About 9 percent of all those trafficked are children. Which of the following is the best example of the role peers play as an agent of socialization for school-aged children? b. Labeling theory Symbolic interactionist perspectives on sex work and prostitution Enable us to consider the individual perspectives of those who participate most directly in the industry c. higher levels of poverty d. women should embrace their femininity and reject masculine qualities. Men and women are expected to perform their gender to the point that it is naturalized, and thus, their status depends on their performance. 51 percent b. day care facilities. citation tool such as, Authors: Tonja R. Conerly, Kathleen Holmes, Asha Lal Tamang. For example, while it is not an intended outcome, schools in an urban community may lead to an increase in interracial friendships and relationships, which is a beneficial outcome for the larger community and society. All of the following are true of gender and HIV/AIDS worldwide EXCEPT c. ask girls more questions than boys. b. human capital Judging women negatively for seeking sex and pleasure outside relationships, while men are judged less harshly, is known as a _____________. c. women should be more like men. c. sexual harassment According to symbolic interactionists, gender assignment begins. Teachers tend to attribute girls' success in math to their amount of effort. Erving Goffman, one of the forefathers of this theoretical perspective, emphasized the importance of control in social interactions. 1848 c. gender stereotypes Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. consent of Rice University. This book uses the c. opportunity structures. The World Economic Forum ranked the gender gap in 134 countries, with the highest rank going to the countries with the smallest gender gap. Which event resulted in a large number of women entering the workforce? c. Boys and girls learn differently. 1. a. clinical depression. Which of the following is the best example of a gender stereotype? a. sexually explicit jokes that female office personnel find offensive Being married is related to _____________ refers to the belief that there are innate differences between women and men and that these differences result in the superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other. 1. Societal Compared to most Western societies, U.S. sexual attitudes are considered _______. This theory is concerned with how cultural expectations about sexuality and other issues become official sanctions, rules, and laws. Student social class and teachers' expectations: The self-fulfilling prophecy of ghetto education. This theory asserts that gender is an interactive performance we stage through our interactions with others. Structural-functionalists argue that the traditional division of labor is no longer as functional today because of all of the following EXCEPT National Order for Women (NOW) a. women's labor union The idea that men have a tendency to act out in an exaggerated male role when believing their masculinity is For example, if we want to understand prejudice, we must understand that the prejudice focused on a white woman because of her gender is very different from the layered prejudice focused on a poor Asian woman, who is affected by stereotypes related to being poor, being a woman, and her ethnic status. with marriage or entrance into the workforce, 1. However, the policy led to a disproportionate stopping and detention of Black and Latinx men and ultimately deemed as unconstitutional by the courts. 1. a. education. b. about one quarter 1865 c. 1960s Creative Commons Attribution License c. determined by the needs of society. b. two-parent households a. the masculine overcompensation thesis. a. at birth. Which of the following religious denominations has the most nontraditional beliefs about women's roles? Delgado and Stefancic (2001) provided a foundational understanding of critical race theory by considering the following six elements: 1. Because he was a man entering the traditionally female field of elementary school teaching, Edward was promoted to school principal over his female counterparts who had more experience. 1. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. "Intersectionality is not just a form of inquiry and critical analysis but necessarily also a form of praxis that challenges inequalities and opens a collective space for both recognizing common threads across complex experiences of injustice and responding to them politically" (Ferree, 2018). c. private property in agricultural societies began to contribute to greater power of females in the society at large. a. mother ceiling. This concept, of course, is problematic. For example, social justice policies (e.g. Another way to apply the interactionist perspective is to look at how people define their races and the race of others. c. student activism. 1. 1. Liberal feminism is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? (Santiago Canyon College). Christine Williams (1992) found that males encounter a _______ _____________, or invisible pressure to move up in their profession. b. women were more likely to be portrayed in non-traditional than traditional occupations. d. balancing act. Institutional sexism d. 70. d. Men are more intelligent than women, so the family benefits more if the man uses his intelligence to work outside of the home to provide economically for the family. a. religion Consider how a community might increase solidarity by refusing to allow outsiders access. d. is concerned with the legal bias against men in child custody decisions. In the United States, women have had to fight for, 1. How can racism and discrimination contribute positively to society? d. men gained control of the modes of production in agricultural and industrial societies. As a more radical critique of the status quo, critical race theory centralizes the focus on race to understand our history, our contemporary society, and our social structures - as well as solutions to inequality. What is the term for jobs that offer few benefits, often have low prestige, and are disproportionately held by Scholars of this perspective study how individuals act within society, and believe that meaning is produced through the interactions of individuals. A1. a. emotion work. d. implicit, 1.______________ prohibits sex discrimination in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. Which of the following explains the traditional division of labor from the "relative resources approach"? c. agricultural Sociologists associate sexuality with _______. Which of the following cultures DOES NOT have a socially acceptable position for third genders? b. gender role ideology a. employment policies. The platform from the Beijing conference on women identified which of the following as a critical area of concern? 1. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site c. 20 The boy code refers to 1. ________ prohibits sex discrimination in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. Conflict theories are often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity. a. structural sexism a. b. had higher incomes. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. Because we are all exposed to these images and thoughts, it is impossible to know to what extent they have influenced our thought processes. By the end of this section, you should be able to: We can examine race and ethnicity through three major sociological perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. 1. 6. unique voices from people of color. d. higher self-esteem among boys than girls. d. all of these. Consider the casually racist imagery on grocery store shelves or the stereotypes that fill popular movies and advertisements. The National Organization for Women is the largest_______ organization in the United States. d. white female-headed households. women equally shared responsibility with the men for providing food, clothing, and shelter for their families. a. c. genderized poverty. In general, men are socialized into________ roles. d. manual labor. Do we need more than one theory to explain racism, prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination? c. Taxable income Income tax rate. 1920s 1920 ., U. a. a male perceived to be dishonoring his country. STEM. Interactionists see race and ethnicity as important sources of individual identity and social symbolism. d. greater improvements in men's health than women's health. b. improvements in women's health but a decline in men's health. One conversational partner can conform to the expectations of the other, he or she can ignore certain incidents, or he or she can solve apparent problems. d. die about five years earlier than women. b. Sexism The glass ceiling refers to the lack of women in higher education. Women tend to advance more quickly in STEM occupations than do men. According to conflict theorists, Her job requires caring, negotiating, and empathizing, also known as We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. This is consistent with. "Pinkcollar" jobs are jobs The meanings attached to symbols are socially created and fluid, instead of natural and static. d. more education for girls, 1. Carl argues sex work should be legal because he believes clients of sex workers get an outlet for a variety of sexual acts they may be unable to fulfill in other ways. The _________ hypothesis argues that women are paid less because the work they perform is socially defined as less valuable than the work performed by men. b. gaining the right to vote. Females and males have been socialized to perform various roles and to expect their partners to perform other complementary roles. 1. On the other hand, Rose (1951) suggested that dysfunctions associated with racism include the failure to take advantage of talent in the subjugated group, and that society must divert from other purposes the time and effort needed to maintain artificially constructed racial boundaries. The 1965 Civil Rights Act U.S. women received the right to vote in what year? the 10-year percent return? Which of the following statements about sex trafficking is NOT true? As discussed in Chapter 1.5, Black feminist sociologist Patricia Hill Collins (1990) developed intersection theory, which suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes. c. greater improvements in women's health than men's health. For example, Vivien Thomas (19101985), the Black surgical technician who helped develop the groundbreaking surgical technique that saves the lives of blue babies was classified as a janitor for many years, and paid as such, despite the fact that he was conducting complicated surgical experiments. d. health. 5. intersectionality Because of this, we act and react to symbols based on their current assigned meanings. c. suicide. d. 1945, 1. d. the United States. c. portrayal of young girls as sweet and innocent. c. Beijing Platform Jeff's statement is an example of a: Which of the following statements is true? d. Both females and males believe that women are superior at details and nurturing, thus, the females should be responsible for the home and children. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . 1. are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written b. unfair treatment of employees on the basis of their sex 1. d. structural strain theory. To understand race as a social construction is to understand that racial categories are invented, manipulated, or retired when convenient ( Delgado & Stefancic, 2001, p. 7). 1940s c. Gender dysphoria c. Canada. This theory is concerned with how cultural expectations about sexuality and other issues become official sanctions, rules, and laws. c. sexual harassment. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, 1._________ refers to the belief that there are innate psychological, behavioral, and/or intellectual differences between women and men and that these differences connote the superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other. c. the women's corner d. Individual sexism. Thus, intersectionality is not only a lens and theory but also a potential solution to social problems, reminding sociologists that the many status intersections of race, social class, gender, sexuality, age and/or disability should be considered when seeking remedies to social ills. b. soon after a child learns to talk. d. All of these. b. refusal to ask for help d. hard workers. We can examine issues of race and ethnicity through five different sociological perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, intersection theory, and critical race theory. b. glorification of homosexuality among teens. a. Britain. 20 Globally, women made up______ percent of the total work force in 2012. The increased proportion of women and girls who are poor is referred to as d. jobs are less dangerous. The mythopoetic men's movement The greatest success of early feminists was d. necessary for the advancement of society. Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. d. women are more likely than men to be promoted in traditionally female jobs. c. employers channeling men and women upon their career entry into gender-specific jobs. 1. According to proponents of critical race theory, race has been structured into the functions, systems and social institutions of our society. The terms masculine and feminine refer to a persons _________. b. In general, women are socialized into instrumental roles, and men are socialized into expressive roles. Collins & Bilge (2020) combine the critical inquiry into inequalities and stratification with critical praxis to advance social justice. Structural sexism This is an These interactions contribute to an abstract picture of the subordinate group that allows the dominant group to support its view of the subordinate group, and thus maintains the status quo. 1. Female state legislators identified __________ as the single greatest barrier to running for political office. d. the publication of Betty Friedan's book, The Feminine Mystique. Christina was not hired for the job when her potential employers found out she had three small children. 1790 a. b. quotas Sociologists argue that women's jobs are undervalued, because they include a significant amount of For example, if we want to understand prejudice, we must understand that the prejudice focused on a White woman because of her gender is very different from the layered prejudice focused on an Asian woman in poverty, who is affected by stereotypes related to being poor, being a woman, and her ethnic status. The American feminist movement began in which year? Men hold more high-earning, leadership jobs than women. An example of this might be an individual whose beliefs about a particular group are based on images conveyed in popular media, and those are unquestionably believed because the individual has never personally met a member of that group. How many of these are women? 1. a. talk to girls more than boys. Consider how much money, time, and effort went toward maintaining separate and unequal educational systems prior to the Civil Rights Movement. Tom always changes the conversation to talk about sports when his female colleagues begin talking about topics that do not interest him. Women have higher rates of HIV/AIDS worldwide. b. an employer who requires sexual favors of an employee in exchange for a salary increase d. 71, 1. d. sexual norm. b. weakness, or vulnerability, or asking for help. a. glass ceiling d. gender roles were reversed, with women providing food and shelter and men caring for the children. differences in women's and men's levels of education, skills, training, and work experience. b. preventable complications during pregnancy and childbirth b. women's unpaid household labor was less in the United States than in any of the other countries. A study reported in your text examined differences between the favorite toys of 3-5 year old boys and girls found that girl toys were more likely to A study of 200 "topselling" children's picture books found b. People will react to something according to the meaning that that thing has for them (the meaning being created through our . c. The Equal Education Act of 1984 Rist, R. (1970). One-to-one interactions and communications. For example, New York City's "Stop-and-Frisk" policy was intended to provide police officers with more latitude in questioning and apprehending potential criminals. b. gender role ideology Creative Commons Attribution License Nash (1964) focused his argument on the way racism is functional for the dominant group, for example, suggesting that racism morally justifies a racially unequal society. d. Structural, 1. c. 49 b. a. informal working arrangements. and you must attribute OpenStax. d. Sex stereotypes are reinforced and created in schools. Nash (1964) focused his argument on the way racism is functional for the dominant group, for example, suggesting that racism morally justifies a racially unequal society. a. To which theoretical perspective does the following statement most likely apply: Women continue to assume the responsibility in the household along with a paid occupation because it keeps the household running smoothly, i.e., at a state of balance? Symbolic Interactionism is a theoretical framework in sociology that describes how societies are created and maintained through the repeated actions of individuals (Carter and Fuller, 2015). What percent of the religious clergy in the United States are male? Doing gender is the notion that masculinity and feminity are performed gender identities. 1. (1958, Spring). 25 c. that are easy and that don't involve getting dirty. a. women Using an intersectional lens to analyze social systems, it is useful to consider how capitalism, racism, sexism, heterosexism, ageism, and/or ableism intertwine to stratify society and impact life chances for individuals and groups. Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles. a. hiring preferences for veterans Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . b. lack of female STEM role models. c. advertisements Prior to the 19th Amendment being ratified, women were not considered a legal person on their own. 1. 1. b. c. Quakers Hence, we can observe people from various racial and ethnic backgrounds interacting harmoniously in a state of social balance. This book uses the c. the selffulfilling prophecy. 1. Sexualities have specific social, cultural, and historical meanings and interpretations. In many countries, women lack power to refuse sex or negotiate protected sex. In addition to unfair racial harassment, latent dysfunction would also include a growing distrust in the police and racial minorities feeling unsafe in their own neighborhoods.
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