Although there was little organization behind it, the uprising spread over a considerable portion of southeastern Tanganyika and was not finally suppressed until 1907. In 1953 Julius Nyerere was elected president of the Tanganyika African Association (TAA), an organization made up mainly of African civil servants, which had been formed in Dar es Salaam in 1929. The Belgian administration was mainly indirect rule which was done through traditional chiefs. They wanted to spread the European civilization. [7] To ensure that these resources could be moved easily, several railways were built. He has drawn on a wide range of sources, both in East Africa and Germany. On December 9, 1962, Tanganyika adopted a republican constitution, and Nyerere became executive president of the country. Improved quality of life for citizens: Ultimately, the potential advantages of a union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar could lead to improved quality of life for the people of both countries. Sir Donald Cameron, Governor from 1925-1931, was influenced by Lord Frederick Lugard, the ideologist of 'indirect rule', administration by chiefs approved by the colonial government. The history of Tanganyika from the Maji Maji rebellion of 1905 (the greatest African rebellion against early European rule) to the last years of German administration. What are the benefits of indirect rule versus direct rule? Inevitably the retrenchment evident in the 1930s became still more severe, and, while prices for primary products soared, the value of money depreciated proportionately. They had made money in their own countries and wanted to invest it in other continents. In 1885, the German Empire declared its intent to establish a protectorate in the area, named German East Africa (GEA), under the leadership of Carl Peters. Online ISBN: 9780511759635. The intelligentsia have the opportunity in this era of transition and adaptation to be of inestimable service to their country, or to clog the wheels of progress by causing racial animosities and preaching doctrines as yet impossible of realisation. Tanganyika's main objective after the war was to ensure that its program for economic recovery and development went ahead. Meanwhile, after their defeat in armed rebellion, Africans sought power through educational and economic advancement. Features of Indirect Rule 1. Indirect Control (aka Proxy Control) is anything that has contact with your opponent through a piece of equipment or their Gi (i.e. The Kilimanjaro Native Planters Association, the first African co-operative, was established before Cameron arrivedand was made possible by Charles Dundas, the first of two Secretaries for Native Affairs who served under Cameron (the second was Philip Mitchell, later Governor of Uganda and Kenya) (Dundas 1955: 1238). His attitude toward European settlers was determined by their potential contribution to the countrys economy. It presents divergent viewpoints in a readable fashion for concerned citizens with an interest in current affairs, while including ample notes and references to satisfy the academic reader. [9], One of the major drivers for decolonisation in Tanganyika was TANU which was founded in 1954, led by Julius Nyerere. These challenges only emphasized the insecurities of Tanganyika and its people. "The German Administration in East Africa: A Select Annotated Bibliography of the German Colonial Administration in Tanganyika, Rwanda and Burundi from 1884 to 1918." Publisher: Cambridge University Press. What was the stated goal of indirect rule in Africa? In 1927, in response to settler pressure, he attempted to limit the growing of coffee by Africans. Article 2 of the Covenant with the League of Nations, reproduced in, Indirect rule is identified with Lord Lugard, Governor of Nigeria 191219, although its roots can be traced back to British administration in India in the eighteenth century. There were, in large areas of the country, many small chiefdoms which, at times, in the past had paid tribute to overlords such as Mirambo or Mkwawa, but also claimed an independence of their own, and had broken free during the German conquest and rinderpest outbreaks of the 1890s. The British always recognized that sooner or later they would be threatened by a class of educated Africans. [4], In the second half of the 19th century, European explorers and colonialists travelled through the African interior from Zanzibar. Registered in England & Wales No. Oliver, Roland In 1923, Philip Mitchell, at that time District Officer in Tanga, decided to run the Tanga government office entirely with African staff. Those whose harvest was poor were also punished since it was felt that they had not put in enough effort. What did indirect control and direct control have in common? It was not until the 1950s that Britain realized the potential of marketing co-operatives as a means of involving educated Africans in the administration, and creating leaders. His book, The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (1922), not only gained him the award of the Gold Medal of fche Royal Geographical Society, but immediately became a classic, as Lord Athlone said in his address of presentation, when he also spoke of Lord Lugard as the father of indirect rule. 94 b) Some traditional political institutions were destroyed and replaced with foreign ones. Indirect rule But there was another possibility, and this was an alliance with the educated, in some suitable institutional form. The plan, which was to be financed by the British government, was to cost 25 million, and, in addition, a further 4.5 million would be required for the construction of a railway in southern Tanganyika. 3099067 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG 2023 Informa UK Limited, Registered in England & Wales No. direct style of rule features highly centralized decision making while. The Africans in Mozambique protested against the Portuguese. French used direct rule- Assimilation . They felt that to be more developed; they wanted to protect the rest of the world from harmful practices. The destabilizing conflicts that bordered Tanganyika meant that refugees from the Congo, Burundi, and Rwanda often flooded into Tanganyika. [15], Although independence came peacefully for Tanganyika, the country suffered from similar problems with many other post-colonial African countries such as poor financial resources and inadequate levels of infrastructure. Find out more about saving content to . Indirect rule is a system of government in which a central authority has power over a country or area, but the local government maintains some authority. No decisions were made unless the right channels were followed, and in many cases, the feelings and views of African subjects were not taken into account. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. The Portuguese gained control of the coastline in the late 15th century, but they were driven out by the Arabs of Oman and Zanzibar in the late 18th century. What is the difference between indirect rule and assimilation? [16] The influx of refugees was a huge issue for Tanganyika so soon after independence. Under the Treaty of Versailles (signed June 1919; enacted January 1920), Britain received a League of Nations mandate to administer the territory except for Ruanda-Urundi, which came under Belgian administration, and the Kionga triangle, which went to Portugal (see Quionga). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. A few educated Africans, such as Martin Kayamba who ran the government office in Tanga, were promoted. The British also pursued an anti-German policy which was led by the head official in Tanganyika, Sir Horace Bryatt. For example, TANU, discussed and promoted fears that the colonial state had attempted to give a disproportionate amount of power to the European and Asian minority groups living within Tanganyika. England, the major partner, has never had self-government and, just like Tanganyika (whose name has been superseded by Tanzania with the addition of the qualifier mainland under the present government system) its affairs are governed by the union government. 1993. Uganda, Cameroon, and Tanganyika ? He wrote that the locals were not sure about its meaning and conjectured that it meant something like "the great lake spreading out like a plain", or "plain-like lake". Berman, German Colonialism Revisited: African, Asian, and Oceanic Experiences (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2014) page 114, East African Common Services Organisation, "Faith and Development in Focus, Tanzania", "Tanganyika: The Realities of Independence", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanganyika_Territory&oldid=1152683311, This page was last edited on 1 May 2023, at 17:36. TimesMojo is a social question-and-answer website where you can get all the answers to your questions. Britain needed a new name to replace "Deutsch Ostafrika" or "German East Africa". A system of government of one nation by another in which the governed people retain certain administrative, legal, and other powers. Britain retained control of the region after World War II, when it became a United Nations trust territory. This was not a colony, but a business empire or organization run by him. This struggle to control parts of Africa by European nations was known as the Scramble for Africa. 1988 concentrates on the early years . Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? During German rule in Tanganyika they used direct rule system thus faced a lot of resistances from Tanganyika societies such as Hehe resistance, Yao and Chagga resistance. In 1964, after the Zanzibar Revolution which saw the Arab rule of Zanzibar overthrown, Tanganyika merged with Zanzibar to become the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, which later became known as the United Republic of Tanzania on 26 April 1964. 2022 - 2023 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved RELATED POSTS. Tanganyika was a colonial territory in East Africa which was administered by the United Kingdom in various guises from 1916 to 1961. The goal of indirect rule was to develop future leaders, while the goal of direct rule was assimilation, or integration of the native population into European culture and traditions. Crime and Social Justice (the journals original title) merged with Issues in Criminology in 1976. To save content items to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org [8], The British state took control of the colony of Tanganyika as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. Britain retained control of the region after World War II, when it became a United Nations trust territory. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Byatts first concern was to repair the infrastructure damaged during the war, and to start collecting taxes. Executive power was exercised by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, and laws on matters with which the Stormont Parliament could deal were made by Orders in Council. General Overviews. The continuing demand for primary produce strengthened the country's financial position. This created the shortage of critical personnel in the colonies. Forster, et al. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz. Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. These views encouraged Europeans to exploit the African continent and people. After the defeat of Germany during World War I, GEA was divided among the victorious powers under the Treaty of Versailles. Sir Donald Cameron, Governor of Tanganyika from 192531, has reflected on his policy of indirect rule as a practical way to "administer the people through the instrument of their own indigenous institutions." The scramble caused strong rivalry amongst the different European nations. Almost at once came a reaction to German methods of administration, the outbreak of the Maji Maji uprising in 1905. This policy aimed at making Africans adopt the Portuguese values and way of life. There are a number of excellent overviews that focus on different aspects of German colonialism. The economic depression after 1929 resulted in the curtailment of many of Camerons development proposals. In his campaign to develop the countrys economy, Cameron won a victory over opposition from Kenya by gaining the British governments approval for an extension of the Central Railway Line from Tabora to Mwanza (1928). His object was to build up local government on the basis of traditional authorities, an aim that he pursued with doctrinaire enthusiasm and success. That this arrangement amounted to something more than lip service to the idea of democracy was demonstrated in 1965 and in subsequent elections when, although Nyerere was reelected again and again as the sole candidate for president, a considerable number of legislators, including cabinet ministers, lost their seats. At the outbreak of World War II, Tanganyikas main task was to make itself as independent as possible of imported goods. This made them very unpopular. W. Morris-Hale, British Administration in Tanganyika from 1920 to 1945 (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Geneva, 1969), p. 284. The following year a presidential election was held, with TANU leader Julius Nyerere emerging victorious. [17], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}6S 35E / 6S 35E / -6; 35, League of Nations mandates in the Middle East and Africa, with no. Tanganyika gained independence on Dec. 9, 1961, and became a republic one year later. They were made to believe that their traditional beliefs were primitive. The Germans brutally repressed the Maji Maji Rebellion of 1905. 801) about Europeanised Africansthe educated who he claimed were more cut off from their people than the colonialists: advancement in self-government must depend on the extent to which the educated class is in sympathy with, and capable of representing, the illiterate sections of the people. The next month, however, he resigned from this position in order to devote his time to writing and to synthesizing his views of government and of African unity; he was succeeded by Rashidi Kawawa. Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Akidas were mainly Arabs or Swahili people. Book summary views reflect the number of visits to the book and chapter landing pages. It became a republic a year later. The evidence suggests that it was, almost totally, ineffective. Many of them were employed from the Indian administration to work for the Tanganyikan administration. system subsequently institutionalized as indirect rule. Essentially, local government was to be left in the hands of the traditional chiefs, subject to the guidance of European officers. The minister only sought advice from Governor Generals who were stationed in the colonies and made decisions based on their recommendations. In the 1920s and early 1930s there were British politicians and officials who argued that this could be achieved through co-operatives, which they saw as a logical extension of indirect rule. Following the example of the British to the north, the Germans obtained a lease on the coastal strip from the sultan in 1888, but their tactlessness and fear of commercial competition led to a Muslim uprising in August 1888. What was true of indirect control? In the 1930s, there were persistent fears that Tanganyika might be handed back to Germany in response to demands by Adolf Hitlerthen chancellor of Germanyfor overseas possessions. The administration tried to rectify the lack of clerks and minor craftsmen by encouraging the development of schools, an activity in which various missionary societies were already engaged. We shall say that a direct style of rule features highly centralized decision making while an indirect style of rule features a more decentralized framework in which important decision-making powers are delegated to the weaker entity. Most of Senegalese were Muslims and it was not easy for them to be converted to Christians. Indirect control means any situation where one person is in a position to act through another person over whom the first person has control due to the legal or economic relationship between the two. It was initially administered under a military occupation regime. Direct rule was the form/ type of colonial administrative system applied by the Germans where by Africans were ruled directly without local rulers support. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Report Content | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. The first agent of German imperialism was Carl Peters, who, with Count Joachim von Pfeil and Karl Juhlke, evaded the sultan of Zanzibar late in 1884 to land on the mainland and made a number of contracts in the Usambara area by which several chiefs were said to have surrendered their territory to him. Without the co-operative movement, with its apparent demonstration that Africans could be successful in business, but in reality almost totally controlled by central government, it would have been much harder to transfer power in 1961. They introduced the policy of assimilation in Mozambique which is similar to the French policy of assimilation. In India, indigenous institutions continued to exist, and upon independence, efforts were made to integrate the domi- nant and indigenous education systems. The next month, he announced that in the interest of national unity and economic development, TANU had decided that Tanganyika would now be a one-party state. He therefore was surprised by the British governments reluctance to permit settlement in Tanganyika. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Constitutionally, the most important immediate postwar development was the British governments decision to place Tanganyika under United Nations trusteeship (1947). Social Justice They forced Africans to grow cash crops like groundnuts, coffee, cotton and palm oil which were then exported to France. A more liberal form of administration rapidly replaced the previous semimilitary system. Blockaded by the British navy, the country could neither export produce nor get help from Germany. a) The Africans lost their political independence. After the Colonial Office in London assumed the League of Nations Mandate over Tanganyika in 1919, Governor Horace Byatt set forth the general outlines of British administrative policy in Tanganyika. [1], The name was chosen by the British with the Treaty of Versailles, and as such the name took effect when Britain was given control of Tanganyika in 1920. Islam has continued to be a major religion within the area, with 36% of Tanzanian population adhering to Islam. [9], The British colony of Tanganyika gained independence on 9 December 1961, with Julius Nyerere becoming first, its prime minister in 1960 under British rule, and then president when Tanganyika was declared a republic in 1962. > FA *+@IZu1t JFIF C And as the policy of colonial rule in Nigeria changed to indirect rule so too did the governance of Tanganyika. Cultivation of several profitable cash crops such as cotton, sisal, coco and coffee were important to developing the colony as these resources were used for German consumers and industry. Other punishments included imprisonment, and in extreme cases, offenders were shot dead. Czapliski, Marek The effects of the war upon Germanys achievements in East Africa were disastrous; the administration and economy were completely disrupted. [14] TANU gained most of its political support through national issues. However, two of the main factors that burdened Tanganyikas independence was its geography and its surrounding neighbours. Those who refused to grow crops were beaten and mistreated. Request Permissions, Published By: Social Justice/Global Options. He gave generous rewards to any company that agreed to come into Congo to start a project. From 1946, it was administered by the UK as a United Nations trust territory. In 1893 there was only one Sisal plantation in the country, by 1913 there were 54. Britain and Germany then agreed to divide the mainland into spheres of influence, and the Sultan was forced to acquiesce. They were allowed to be elected in the chambers of deputies. Since most of the plantations and estates had been confiscated as German property, and had fallen into disrepair, initially there was little alternative but to encourage peasant production (Iliffe 1979: 2623; Bates 1957: 4375). This is a temptation for the economically weak: a not dissimilar criticism has been made of President Nyerere after 1967 (e.g. 3099067. Germans used harsh methods in ruling just like the British This led to the development of African liberation movements whose aim was to fight for independence. In an important advance in 1955, the three groups were given parity of representation on the unofficial side of the council with 10 nominated members each, and for a time it seemed as if this basis would persist. The colonial administration used the already existing traditional systems to rule colonies. It was, however, to be twenty years before the possibilities, opened up by this alliance, were recognized. Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service. [12], Tanganyika eventually gained its independence on 9 December 1961,[13] after Nyerere had met a British government representative to arrange the steps to be taken on the road to independence. 1996. e) Traditional farming methods were improved through research and adoptingnew methods. This system was used by the Italians, Spanish and British in Northern Nigerand Uganda. The Germans used direct rule in order to maximumly exploit the resources of Tanganyika. Tanganyika now forms part of the modern-day sovereign state of Tanzania. (See Tanzania.). The laws within the colonies mainly came from France, and it was in the form of decrees or orders. In Tanganyika, the same degree of centralization had never been achieved. Cited by 56. Long after the more developed and industrialized states of Europe had decolonized, Portugal maintained its narrow centralized form of rule--from Mozambique to Angola in the south and from Guinea-Bissau in the west to the Atlantic archipelagos of Cape Verde and So Tom and Prncipe. King Leopold II invited private companies to start development projects in the empire. The registered owner is the agent and the true owner is the principal. Print publication year: 1969. Bryatt was an unpopular politician, and his policies of expelling Germans halved Tanganyika's population. Sir Donald Cameron, assuming the governorship in 1925, instituted "little change" in Byatt's administrative system, although he accelerated the process and considerably escalated the rhetoric of indirect rule. Most of the power in the colonies was based in France and there was a very little delegation of power within the colony. During their rule, Africans were mistreated by settlers who had taken control over them. However, they did not put back any of the profi ts to develop the continent. Regional Commissioners It, however, did set up some administrative centers in key places like Mombasa, Machakos, Fort Smith (as Kabete was known then) and Eldama Ravine. Colonial administration in Kenya used Direct Rule. They undermined the Muslim cultures, for example the German administrators would enter the mosques with dogs, moreover during the holy month of Ramadan. ",#(7),01444'9=82. Social Justice is a quarterly journal that was founded in 1974. (p. x). entity. German rule in Tanganyika always had a strong military flavor, and was based on the permanent presence of German-led African forces. This number was subsequently increased to four, with three Asian nonofficial members and four Europeans. In these circumstances the Africans reverted to their old social systems and their old form of subsistence farming. This was not successful. We have seen how this idea of an alliance with the chiefs failed, at least in Tanganyikas case. In the main coastal towns, there was an Arab governor called a Liwali. Direct Control is any time you have control of a limb or body part of your opponent without the use of the equipment they may be wearing at the time. $.' As Sir Donald Cameron, governor of Tanganyika, wrote soon after arriving at his post, "It is our duty to do everything in our power to develop the . Online publication date: August 2010. Owning a colony in Africa was a source of pride and prestige. Foreign companies realized that if they paid good salaries and improved working conditions of their workers, then they would make them happy, and they would work better. The average British saw the colonies as a harsh environment where they could die of malaria or other diseases so they were unwilling to come and work there. Indirect rule, In 1884, Otto Von Bismarck, a powerful German leader, invited all European powers a conference in Berlin where they divided the African continent amongst themselves. What is the difference between direct and indirect rule? c) Colonial governments introduced modern methods of communication. Germans were encouraged to settle in the northern highlands and plant cash crops for export to Germany. This railroad is still in use today and has since been connected to other railways across the country. It led to a reappraisal of German policy in East Africa. It's a site that collects all the most frequently asked questions and answers, so you don't have to spend hours on searching anywhere else. A case can therefore be made against Cameron that, while he was well-intentioned, and in some ways politically enlightened, when it came to economics he was uninterested: he put his faith in a utopian political philosophy, and hoped that economics would look after itself. f) Many Africans were forced to live in crowded areas and were never able to. Portugal was the oldest colonial power in Africa and was the last one to leave. It was left to Germany, with its newly awakened interest in colonial expansion, to open up the country to European influences. h) Africans were viewed as slaves rather than free people. UTP was less effective due to the 4,000 annual salary for Willis which limited the partys effectiveness, as they lacked funds to campaign effectively. and This view, however, is generous to Cameron, and unjust to Byatt, under whose administration most of what is commonly attributed to Cameron was begun. As Britain took control of the Gold Coast they dominated trade, introduced new techniques, grew new crops, and demand control of other areas. Many of the indigenous people had been turned into poorly paid laborers who also had to pay taxes. But he also wrote (pp. Germany was eager to exploit the resources of its new dependency, but lack of communications at first restricted development to the coastal area. Portugal also used it in Mozambique and Angola in the employment of "Degradados" . From the viewpoint of British Indirect Rule policy, the maintenance in power of the largely ineffective bakama [the ruling clan of the Haya, the tribe on the west of Lake Victoria] could only be regarded as a sham.
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