. The typical great planter of the pre-Civil War South was. . Slaves were needed for farming mostly, and agriculture is the South's forte. . Large groups of slaves worked from sunrise to sunset under a white overseer. It also showed enslavers willingness to unite against the federal government when they believed it acted unjustly against their interests. Therefore, secession remained a reserved right of the states. The war, which began as a sectional power struggle to preserve the Union, in turn led Lincoln (who had never been an abolitionist) to emancipate enslaved persons in areas of the rebellion by the Emancipation Proclamation (1863) and led further to the freeing of all enslaved persons in the United States by the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865. In this 1837 speech, John C. Calhoun, then a U.S. senator, vigorously defended the institution of slavery and stated the essence of this new intellectual defense of the institution: Southerners must stop apologizing for slavery and reject the idea that it was a necessary evil. Why did southern states secede over slavery? Once again, the status of slavery in the territories became a hot issue. Sig= was a weak justification for slavery and racism in the south. On one side were advocates like Garrison, who called for an immediate end to slavery. Planters' sons chose military or law careers rather than going into trade. What Are The Hot Pools In Yellowstone Called. The master-slave relationship was frequently compared to a parent-child relationship. If the United States possesses an off, Before slavery became a fixture on the North American mainland, Europeans, both Catholics and Protestants, debated the relationship between African s, The Sky is Gray by Ernest J. Gaines, 1968, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Slavery is the unconditional servitude of one individual to another. no, by 1850, less than 2,000 Southerners owned over 100 slaves and were usually politicians and aristocrats did some southerners own no slaves? It cannot be subverted without drenching the country in blood . For these ministers, slavery not only had divine sanction, it was a necessary part of Christianity. Which description best identifies how Christian slaveholders justified the enslavement of other human beings? I hold then, that there never has yet existed a wealthy and civilized society in which one portion of the community did not, in point of fact, live on the labor of the other. This entry includes 2 subentries: On March 3, 1861, the day before President Abraham Lincoln's inauguration, General Winfield Scott proposed four alternatives for dealing with the secession crisis. 1830s Area in the south that was a hotbed for cotton production. Did the Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent but must guarantee the gradual end of slavery in Confederate territory? Get your fix of JSTOR Dailys best stories in your inbox each Thursday. How long would slavery have lasted if the South won? Never before has the Black race of Central Africa, from the dawn of history to the present day, attained a condition so civilized and so improved, not only physically, but morally and intellectually. Tolbert County, Maryland If political power went to a majority that was hostile to slavery, the Southand the honor of White southernerswould be imperiled. they tightened slave codes and prohibited both voluntary and compensated emancipation. Why did many yeoman farmers feel resentment toward rich planters, yet still support the institution of slavery? when was the last official count of slaves? convince themselves that slavery was morally justifiable. . In African American families in which husband and wife were often separated, who was typically considered the head of the family? The secession of the Southern states following Lincolns election led to the American Civil War (186165). The agricultural-based plantation economy of Southern colonies like Virginia and the Carolinas required a large labor force, which was met via enslaving people of African descent. In the South, however, clergy were confronted with trying to defend slavery. Anthropologists find evidence of it in nearly every continent and culture dating back to ancient times and even the Neolithic period of human development. Be it good or bad, [slavery] has grown up with our society and institutions, and is so interwoven with them that to destroy it would be to destroy us as a people. Abolitionists were a divided group. James Russell Lowell, whose emotional balance was cited by a biographer as proof that abolitionists need not have been unstable, urged, in contrast to Garrison, that the world must be healed by degrees. Also of importance was the work of free Blacks such as David Walker and Robert Forten and formerly enslaved persons such as Frederick Douglass, who had the clearest of all reasons to work for the cause but who shared some broader humanitarian motives with their white coworkers. . Indeed, Virginians cited Garrison as the instigator of Nat Turners 1831 rebellion. There is and always has been in an advanced stage of wealth and civilization,a conflict between labor and capital. . In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. (April 27, 2023). . By nature the most affectionate and loyal of all races beneath the sun, they are also the most helpless: and no calamity can befal [sic] them greater than the loss of that protection they enjoy under this patriarchal system" (Palmer 1860, pp. Disquisition on Government advanced a profoundly anti-democratic argument. As the friend of the Union I openly proclaim itand the sooner it is known the better. I then predicted that it would commence as it has with this fanatical portion of society, and that they would begin their operations on the ignorant, the weak, the young, and the thoughtless and gradually extend upwards till they would become strong enough to obtain political control. This he did, convinced that the response he got was "sufficient proof that I have spoken to the heart of this community" (Palmer 1860, p. 2). Who was the most influential spokesman for the common school movement? I'm also a big believer in lifelong learning- there's always something new to learn! In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a "positive good" because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil:far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition. //]]>. Which identifies an advantage to slaves living on large plantations with stable slave populations? Enslavers, he argued, took care of the ignorantin Fitzhughs argument, the enslaved persons of the South. "The Difference in Race between Northern and Southern People." He had been John Adger's successor in the Second Presbyterian Church of Charleston for several years. Southern apologists argued that the institution of slavery was a "positive good" because it subsidized an elegant lifestyle for a white elite and provided tutelage for genetically inferior Africans. She was active in the Underground Railroad, the clandestine network of safe houses and abolitionists that helped escapees reach freedom in the North. The Constitution is silent on the question of secession. By that time, American abolitionists had realized the failure of gradualism and persuasion, and they subsequently turned to a more militant policy, demanding immediate abolition by law. False The Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent AND GUARANTEED slavery in Confederate territory. 4 (WINTER 2013), pp. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists. Thanks for reading! Unable to find cheap labor from other sources, white settlers increasingly turned to slaves imported from Africa. Both the Garrisonian abolitionists and the Southern apologists for slavery thought the Constitution permitted slavery, with one group condemning it, the other celebrating it. Moreover, many prominent Southern ministers made special efforts to provide religious instruction to slaves, whether in church or on their own plantations. Hinton R. Helper tried to convince southern yeoman farmers that. George Fitzhugh, a southern writer of social treatises, was a staunch supporter of slavery, not as a necessary evil but as what he argued was a necessary good, a way to take care of enslaved persons and keep them from being a burden on society. The New South As the nation expanded in the 1830s and 1840s, the writings of abolitionistsa small but vocal group of northerners committed to ending slaveryreached a larger national audience. How did the Confederate States of Americas constitution differ from the Constitution of the United States of America? . The tariff appeared to open the door for other federal initiatives, including the abolition of slavery. Need I pause to show how this system of servitude underlies and supports our material interests; that our wealth consists in our lands and in the serfs who till them; that from the nature of our products they can only be cultivated by labor which must be controlled in order to be certain; that any other than a tropical race must faint and wither beneath a tropical sun? The war began because a compromise did not exist that could solve the difference between the free and slave states regarding the power of the national government to prohibit slavery in territories that had not yet become states. Boles, John B. Sig= provided insight into the horrible life of a slave. This outcome was in part the result of different forms of church government; all three of these churches were organized into dioceses (or synods, in the case of the Lutherans) that were largely defined by territory; thus extreme abolitionist and proslavery views did not meet at the national level in these bodies. Curiously, while most of them do note that the Bible sanctions slavery, they fail to give definitive proof in the way of specific passages. The Confederate Constitution was adopted by the Confederacy in opposition to the Union and the United States Constitution. The Constitution itself had four clauses that indirectly addressed slavery and the slave trade though it did not actually use those terms. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Baptist and Methodist churches had opposed slaveholding members in the early years of the Republic. Compare his condition with the tenants of the poor houses in the more civilized portions of Europelook at the sick, and the old and infirm slave, on one hand, in the midst of his family and friends, under the kind superintending care of his master and mistress, andcompare it with the forlorn and wretched condition of the pauper in the poorhouse. What led to the outbreak of the bloodiest conflict in the history of North America? Home University Of South Dakota What Did The Confederate Constitution Say About Slavery? Southern ministers had written the majority of all published defenses of slavery, Jemison reminds us. He is but a grown up child and must be governed as a child . Sig= gave blacks a sense of purpose and greater self esteem. 299300). Slaveholders were told that they must protect the system of slavery, and doing so would protect their financial interests. In the mid-1800s, slave owners in the South believed in the chattel principle, or the belief that slaves were pieces of moving property and therefore would always belong to their owners. White Southerners believed Northern abolitionists encouraged slave revolts, while Southern efforts to silence the abolitionists aroused Northern fears about freedom of speech. What did Southern apologists believe about slavery quizlet? Historian Drew Gilpin Faust observed that leaders of the secession movement across the South cited slavery as the most compelling reason for southern independence. Our negroes are not only better off as to physical comfort than free laborers, but their moral condition is better. Adger chose instead to forego his missionary work overseas and to focus closer to home, where he could be of benefit to the slaves and their owners (White 1911, pp. More important, from the point of view of the congregants, both black and white, is the message sent from Southern pulpits that protection was the watchword. Later, U.S. victory in the Mexican War of 1846-1848 brought the nation vast new acreage in the West. The abolitionist movement emerged in states like New York and Massachusetts. Under the pressure of worldwide public opinion, slavery was completely abolished in its last remaining Latin American strongholds, Cuba and Brazil, in 188086 and 188388 respectively, and thus the enslavement of persons of African descent by legal regimes ceased to exist as a Western phenomenon. yes, some slaves found ways to sabotage their masters and stop working by working slowly, stealing, ruining equipment, letting animals escape, faking stupidity, etc. I appeal to facts. Members of this group fully supported slavery. A. The rest of Palmer's sermon is an exhortation to stand firm against the reformers and the Northeven if that means secession. yes, they dreamed of becoming rich and owning slaves, and their pride in their race would be diluted if the slaves were freed, independent small farmers in the Appalachians who owned no slaves and supported the Union. Which statement best describes a major disadvantage to the extensive cotton production that took place in the Deep South? [CDATA[ His answer: "[I]t is to conserve and perpetuate the institution of slavery as now existing" (Palmer 1860, p. 6). There was a greater sense of community and better living conditions on plantations. Does South Dakota State University Have A Medical School? In the New England states, many Americans viewed slavery as a shameful legacy with no place in modern society. Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes By the necessary course of events, if left to themselves, we must become, finally, two people. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Sig= showed the absolute subjugation of slaves at this time. Figure 1. How did apologists describe the institution of slavery before the 1830s? Curiously, despite their status as personal property rather than as individuals, slaves were welcomed and even encouraged to attend church services. Members of the Southern clergy, who had their own feelings of devotion toward their home states, approved the notion that a well-intentioned South was being morally condemned by a self-righteous and arrogant North. By wars end, the Union had set up over 100 contraband camps in the South. The practice of slavery is one of humankind's most deeply rooted institutions. To many Southern ministers, slavery conferred upon slaveholders a sense of responsibility for the souls of their slaves. what did black abolitionist David Walker do? a informal network of people that helped fugitive slaves make their way to the North, Most southern planters considered their slaves to be. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); As abolitionism gathered strength, white Southerners repositioned themselves from an acceptance of slavery as a necessary evil to defending it as a positive good. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); From an anti-abolitionist, pro-slavery cartoon, 1800. Those who attended churches where the slaves of several families were active had a chance as well to meet others in their unique predicament; they could have relatively normal conversations without feeling constrained by the yoke they usually wore (Boles 1994, p. 55). were plantation owners directly involved with the slaves? Reacting to abolitionist attacks that branded its peculiar institution as brutal and immoral, the South intensified its system of slave control, particularly after the Nat Turner revolt of 1831. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists, "The Slavery Apologists I have had my finger joints stripped of the skin in consequence of them (White 1911, p. 301). From the early 1830s until the end of the Civil War in 1865, Garrison was the abolitionists' most dedicated campaigner. One anonymous contributor to the Richmond-based Southern Literary Messenger, a magazine devoted to literature and the fine arts, wrote a piece for the June 1860 issue in which the claim was made that Northerners were themselves of an inferior stock, "wild, savage, bold, fond of freedom" (p. 404) and who, despite being deeply religious, "yet nearly approach infidelity [unbelief]." John Lafayette Girardeau (18251898), the Presbyterian preacher at a small church off the coast of South Carolina, held services for both white and black parishioners and then separate services for slaves. He says slavery was a patriarchal institution So were polygamy & circumcision. Which practice provides the best evidence against the idea of benevolent planters who looked after the best welfare of their slaves? Identify the main proslavery arguments in the years prior to the Civil War. In making their defense of slavery, they critiqued wage labor in the North. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1980. People began to describe slavery as a positive good. The former-slave Frederick Douglass noted that that the framers purposefully avoided the mention of slavery in the Constitution. The sermon, in fact, has been widely credited with giving the moral and popular push to Louisiana's decision to secede from the Union. This belief arose primarily from the widespread conviction that slaves could not take care of themselves if left to their own devices. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. Which description best describes the "gang" labor that many slaves performed on large plantations? in 1861. By 1838, the split between the two factions had grown so strong that there were in effect two Presbyterian churches in the United States. The Antebellum South The condition of society in the South exempts us from the disorders and dangers resulting from this conflict; and which explains why it is that the political condition of the slaveholding States has been so much more stable and quiet than that of the North. How does Calhoun go beyond the traditional legal defenses of slavery and attempt to convince the audience that slavery is, indeed, good for all involved? Texans were wiped out by Mexican forces. The term Lost Cause was first used by Edward A . The Confederate States Army, also called the Confederate Army or the Southern Army, was the military land force of the Confederate States of America (commonly referred to as the Confederacy) during the American Civil War (18611865), fighting against the United States forces in order to uphold the institution of. (Palmer 1860, p. 8). Hi there! Was slavery the reason for the Civil War? Biblical Reasons. Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 18651920. Who profited most from the union of slavery and cotton production? few did because of the competition with slave labor, a former slave/the Barber of Natchez who owned slaves and property, no, they were prohibited from working in certain occupations and testifying against whites in court; they could be sold back into slavery; some states forbid their entrance, most forbid them from voting, and some forbid them from public schools, no, Congress outlawed it in 1808, but thousands were smuggled in. Southern proslavery arguments did NOT include the belief that slavery was. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. Theological justification from their ministers allowed them to believe that not only did God sanction slavery, but slaverys supporters were better Christians and more faithful interpreters of Biblical text than were their opponents. The slave-owning class was small, but it was supported by the overwhelming majority of churches and ministers., Considering they saw themselves as doing Gods work, white Southerners were shocked by the military defeat of the Confederacy. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. did many southerners own large numbers of slaves? In the late 1850s, she assisted Brown in his planning for the disastrous raid on a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. The most profitable commodity bought and sold in the upper tier of southern states was. were located primarily in the backcountry. For decades afterward, veterans and civilian survivors of the war, even those who agreed that slavery was an indefensible system, commemorated the Confederacy's spirited fight for self-determination. The enthusiasm with which slaves embraced Christianity was in part a result of their desire to find a faith that they could embrace in a new landand that would embrace them. The principle that a slave was property to be bought and sold. Southern apologists claimed the master-slave relationship was more humane than employer-worker relationships because. In fact, it was the economics of slavery and political control of that system that was central to the conflict. what happened to those who smuggled in African slaves? How did the Confederate Constitution differ from the U.S. Constitution? In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a "positive good" because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. Woolman, John Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1994. New York: Viking, 2006. Girardeau served as a Confederate chaplain during the war; after the war ended, his former slave congregants, now free men and women, implored him to "come back to preach to them as of old" (White 1911, p. 304). Must I pause to show how it has fashioned our modes of life, and determined all our habits of thought and feeling, and moulded the very type of our civilization? What does this image reveal about the methods of those who advocated polygenism? Harriet Tubman was like Douglass, she too had escapedenslavement and became a prominent abolitionist. How did southern opinion about the morality of slavery change during the 1830s? In the 1840s and 50s, Northerners and Southerners took increasingly adamant stands on the question of permitting or outlawing slavery in new Western territories, a matter with the potential to alter the regional balance of power in the country.
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